如何进行初中生心理健康教育？英文双语对照

中学生心理发展，既然是处在由儿童向成人过渡的阶段，那它就是一种质向另一种质的转变过程，儿童、少年的模式被打破，成人的模式尚未建立起来，呈现出一种不平衡和不稳定的状态。有人把这一过渡性特点叫做“成人感”与“孩子气”的矛盾。那么，如何对中学生进行心理健康教育呢？

1. 独立性与依赖性的矛盾

孩子自认为已经是个大人了，独立性意向、自尊心十分强烈。一方面想竭力摆脱家长的管教，希望家长和成人把他们不要当小孩子看待，希望尊重他们，理解他们。尤其反感父母那种絮絮叨叨的管教。另一方面他们自己也把过去的自己看作“幼稚的小孩子，力图与过去的“我”一刀两断，常常通过口头或行动方式宣传自己已经不是小孩子了。有的心理学家把这种企图在心理上与对父母的依赖决裂，与自己的儿童时代决裂的现象叫做心理上的“断乳”。但是这种“断乳”却不是轻而易举的。因为：第一，事实上中学生并未成熟，在认识、情感、行为上均未摆脱孩子气，缺乏必要的知识和能力，其他方面也不具备充分独立的条件。第二，现在许多学校也不注意培养学生的独立能力，比如一些学校一味追求升学率，学生不仅知识面狭窄，也很少参加社会活动和公益活动。第三，我国现阶段传统的家庭关系中父母一般不十分鼓励子女尽早独立，以至于上了大学、研究生，经济上还要依赖父母，特别是许多家长对子女过分溺爱，或望子成龙心切，或百般呵护，使中学生的依赖性往往还相当强，甚至有的孩子虽已独立工作、独立生活，但心理上、行为上仍然对父母十分眷恋依赖，独立生活和工作能力较差。比如许多学生考上大学后，入校报名时总是要由父母亲属护送；一些学生不知道手续怎么办，只好由父母跑前跑后到处奔波；一些学生连床都不会铺，仍由父母代劳。他们是被社会舆论称为“抱大的一代”。这种情况应引起家长们的深思。

2. 强烈的求知欲望与有限的认识水平的矛盾

中学生的求知欲望十分强烈，对什么问题都想问个为什么，想学习、想思考、想探讨，但由于知识经验有限，思维水平有限，分析问题、解决问题的能力有限，常会发生无目的、无计划、不加分辨、急于求成的学习和吸收。一个时期之所以出现许多中学生热衷西方哲学的一些观点的现象，如尼采的超人意志论、弗洛伊德精神分析学说、海德格尔的存在哲学等，与他们心理上的这种矛盾不无关系。

3. 闭锁性与强烈地要求交往、要求理解的矛盾

所谓闭锁性是指人的心理活动具有某种含蓄、内隐的特点，它是相对于人的外部行为表现与内部心理活动之间的一致性而言的。中学生由于思维的发展，对外部世界认识的广泛性、深刻性的发展，尤其是对新的自我的发现，心理活动开始指向自己的内部世界，指向内部世界与外部世界的关系，加之相应的独立性与自尊心的发展，便失去了儿童时期的外露、直爽、单纯、天真等特点，出现了心理活动的闭锁性。这种闭锁性首先表现为出现了“内心的秘密”，“自我交谈”的时候增加了，开始要在自己的房门、自己的抽屉上上锁，反感别人随便翻动他的东西，在没有人的时候写日记，自己向自己倾诉内心的秘密。同时在与人交往中变得不那么坦率了。比如我们问儿童某些问题时，他们可以不加考虑直截了当地回答，而问到中学生时，他们往往要考虑很多，有时坦率、直接、真实地回答，有时则不然。

中学生心理的闭锁性，使他们不轻易向别人吐露真情，交往中要求较高，选择条件苛刻。因此，他们不仅与父母、师生之间不易达到心理相通，在同龄人之中也不容易找到真正“心心相印”、“相互理解”，能够产生心理共鸣的知音，因而常常感到不易被别人理解，心理上会产生不同程度的孤独感觉。但另一方面由于社会的要求，中学生却强烈地想与人交往，得到理解。这一矛盾常常使孩子不能平静，个别人甚至变得性情孤僻。

4. 自主性与被动性的矛盾

自主性是人的心理发展的重要特点之一，是主观心理状态的一种倾向性，是人的心理区别于动物心理的重要标志之一。人的心理活动的自觉主动性从儿童时期就开始发展了，但总的来讲，在青年期以前孩子们的认识和行为还更多地由成人帮助进行控制调节，只有到了青年期，随着大脑的成熟，语言和思维的发展，才出现了较强的自觉性和主动性。从这时起，孩子作为个体来讲更加积极主动。无论在认识上、情感上、行为上都力图按照一定的目的自觉地去思考认识、去体验、去行动。在认识外界事物时他们要求并努力辨别是非真伪；在行动中他们努力按自觉确定的目的去行动，在各种活动中他们努力控制调节主客观之间的关系，并在活动结束时竭力总结经验教训以进一步确定自己今后应该怎么认识、怎么行动。但另一方面他们不善于自觉主动地控制调节自己的心理活动及相应的外部行为，表现出一定的被动盲目性。比如在情感和理智的关系上，中学生非常想同成人那样控制自己，但因为不善于控制自己的情感，却常常办一些傻事、蠢事，以至令其后悔莫及；常常跃跃欲试地想克服困难，完成确定的任务，但由于对任务本身的意义认识不足，或对客观上的困难估计不足，或在完成任务过程中自觉地控制调节自己的行为水平的能力不足，而不能坚持始终。

5. 理想与现实的矛盾

中学生满怀激情，富于理想，勇于追求理想，追求美好事物，因此常对社会、对国家、对自己进行种种美妙的设计。这不仅由于他们的社会地位发生了变化，还由于富于激情的特点和逻辑思维的发展，驱使他们能反映现实环境并推测未来。但他们的激情尚不稳定，社会地位尚未独立，知识经验积累得还不足，因为他们考虑问题还未能完全摆脱以自我为中心。这又使他们不善于认识和对待现实，不善于在理想鼓舞下立足于现实去奋斗，对现实与理想的认识和设计缺乏稳定的意识倾向，往往只求得在想象中的心理满足，或者以错误的、片面的选择来对待理想与现实，不善于将理想与现实统一起来。

综上所述，中学生处在人生心理发展的一个重要转折时期，心理变化发展到成熟时期。心理发展的急剧性和矛盾动荡性，使孩子心理发展具有空前的速度和加大的动力。个性心理发展趋向稳定和倾向及心理内容的社会性的发展又增加了他们心理发展的选择性。因此，正确认识和对待这个阶段孩子心理发展的一般特点，有利于家长了解孩子，达到教育孩子的目的。

Psychology of high school student develops, since be the phase that lies to transfer to the adult by children, then it is a kind of transition process that pledges to another kind character, the mode of children, teenager is broken, adult mode had be notted build, appear give a kind lopsided with not stable condition. Somebody this one transitional the characteristic is called " the adult feels " with " childish " contradictory. So, how to undertake to the high school student mental health is taught?

1.The contradiction of independent character and dependence

The child thinks oneself had been an adult, independent character intent, proper pride is very intense. Want to do his utmost to cast off the parent's certainly on one hand, hope parent and adult do not become them dot look upon, the hope respects them, understand them. Feel disgusted especially parents the certainly of the sort of garrulous long-winded be favored with. On the other hand themselves also in the past oneself are regarded " young children, of strive and past " I " make a thorough break, often pass oral or action means him conduct propaganda is not dot any more. Some psychologist attempt this kind in mentally and the dependence to parents break with, be called mentally with the phenomenon of his children age break with " break breast " . But this kind " break breast " not be easy to do however. Because: The first, in fact the high school student is not mature, all did not cast off on understanding, affection, behavior childish, lack necessary knowledge and capacity, other side also does not have the requirement of sufficient independence. The 2nd, a lot of schools also develop independent ability of the student carelessly now, for instance a few schools go after proportion of students entering a schools of a higher grade blindly, student not only intellectual range is narrow, also enter social activity and commonweal activity rarely. The 3rd, the parents in the domestic concern that our country shows level tradition is general not very encourage children to become independent as early as possible, so that went up university, graduate student, economically depend on parents even, especially a lot of parents are beyond the mark to children doting, or hope children will have a bright future the heart is cut, or caress by every means, make the high school student's dependence comparatives toward contact strong, even although some children are independent already the job, independent life, but still be opposite on mentally, behavior parents very be sentimentally attached to is depended on, independent life and working ability are poorer. For instance a lot of students are taken an examination of after attending a college, into school when signing up, always want by parental relative convoy; A few students do not know how formalities does, after before be forced to run by parents, running, rush about everywhere; A few students won't spread even the bed, still do sth for sb by parents. They are be called by social public opinion " hold large generation in the arms " . What this kind of circumstance should cause parents is thoughtful.

2.Strong curious desire and the finite contradiction that meet a standard

Curious desire of the high school student is very strong, want to ask to what problem why, want to learn, want to think, want to discuss, but because intellectual experience is finite, thinking level is finite, the analytic problem, ability that solves a problem is limited, regular meeting happening is aimless, without the plan, do not add the resolution, study that is eager to hope for success and absorb. A period appears the phenomenon of a few viewpoints of philosophy of a lot of west of heart of middle school heat build-up, what collect like the Buddhist nun is preterhuman the depth psychology says volitional talking, Fuluoyide, existence philosophy of Haidegeer, with them this kind of contradiction of mentally does not have nothing to do is.

3.What closedown sex and strongly requirement association, requirement understands is contradictory

Alleged closedown sex is to show psychological activity of the person has some kind of reservation, inside the characteristic of concealed, it is opposite the consistency between activity of exterior behavior expression of the person and in-house psychology. The development of high school student as a result of thinking, the development of the extensive sex that understands to the outer world, deep sex, be opposite especially the discovery of new ego, psychological activity begins to point to his in-house world, point to the relation of in-house world and the outer world, the development of the independent character with corresponding together with and proper pride, lost children period appear, candid, pure, innocent wait for a characteristic, appeared the closedown sex of psychological activity. Sex of this kind of closedown is behaved above all to appeared " inner secret " , "Ego chats " when increased, begin to want the lock on the door in oneself, oneself drawer, allergy others flips through casually his thing, the diary is kept when doing not have a person, oneself pour out inner secret to oneself. Become so not candid in interacting with the person at the same time. When for instance we ask children certain question, they need not add a consideration to reply straight from the shoulder, and when asking about a high school student, they often should consider a lot of, sometimes candid, direct, bona fide replies, sometimes criterion otherwise.

The closedown sex of psychology of high school student, make they do not tell the truth to others easily, the demand in association is higher, choice condition is slashing. Accordingly, they not only with parents, teachers and students between achieve psychology not easily to be interlinked, in also not allow in age person together easy find true " have mutual affinity " , " mutual understanding " , can produce the bosom friend of psychological resonance, often feel not easy consequently be understood by others, mentally can produce the alone feeling of different level. But on the other hand the requirement as a result of the society, the high school student wants strongly to interact with the person, get understanding. This one contradiction often makes the child cannot calm, individual person becomes even disposition is dissocial.

4.The contradiction of autonomy and passivity

Autonomy is one of important characteristics that the person's psychology develops, it is a kind of tendentiousness of subjective mentation, the psychology that is a person distinguishs one of important signs at animal psychology. The self-conscious initiative of psychological activity of the person began to develop from children period, but will always tell, it is before young period the understanding of children and behavior return more ground to undertake control adjustment by adult help, had young period only, as the maturity of cerebrum, the development of language and thinking, just appeared stronger consciousness and initiative. From rise at this moment, the child serves as individual will tell more active and active. No matter be on understanding, on affection, on behavior strive ponders over understanding self-consciously according to stated goal, go experiencing, go acting. When knowing outside thing they ask and distinguish right from wrong hard true bogus; The purpose that in the action they try hard to decide by consciousness goes acting, in all sorts of activities they try hard control adjustment advocate objective the relation between, do his utmost to sum up experience lesson how to will be known henceforth with deciding his further when the activity ends, how to act. But on the other hand their not to be pooh-poohed adjusts at self-conscious and active control oneself psychological activity and corresponding exterior behavior, show certain passive blindness. Go up in affection and sensible relation for instance, the high school student wants to control his in that way with the grow upping very much, but because not be good at controlling oneself emotion, often do a few hooey, folly however, down to makes his regretful; Often ground of itch to try wants to overcome difficulty, finish affirmatory job, but because be opposite,the meaning of task itself knows inadequacy, or difficult to what go up objectively underestimate, or self-conscious in process of the task that finish control adjusts the capacity of oneself behavior level is insufficient, and cannot hold to from beginning to end.

5.Ideal and actual contradiction

The high school student is full of passion, abound ideal, be brave in to go after ideal, pursue good thing, because this often is opposite society, right country, right oneself undertake a variety of wonderful designs. This produced change as a result of their social class not only, because abound,return the development of passionate characteristic and logistic thinking, drive they can reflect real environment and speculation did not come. But their passion still is not stabilized, social class has not become independent, intellectual experience is accumulated insufficiently still, because they consider an issue,still fail to be cast off completely it is a center with ego. This makes they are not good at know and treating reality again, do not be good at issueing base oneself upon to struggle at reality in ideal encouragement, lack steady recognizant trend to reality and good understanding and design, often get the psychology in the imagination to satisfy only, or with the mistake, one-sided choice will treat ideal and reality, not to be pooh-poohed rises at uniting ideal and reality.

The place on put together is narrated, the high school student sends period of a when exhibit significant transition at life psychology, psychological change develops mature period. Psychology sends the quick sex that exhibit and contradictory and queasy sex, make child psychology development has all-time rate and increased power. Direction of development of individual character psychology is stabilized and the development of the sociality of the tendency and psychological content increased them again what psychology develops is alternative. Accordingly, proper understanding and the common characteristic that approach development of psychology of this phase child, be helpful for the parent knowing the child, achieve the goal that teachs the child.