alcohol

名词 n.
中文释义
英 /ˈæl.kə.hɒl/    美 /ˈæl.kə.hɔl/|/ˈæl.kə.hɑl/|/ˈɑl.kə.hɔl/|/ˈɑl.kə.hɑl/

英文释义

名词 n.
  1. Any of a class of organic compounds (such as ethanol) containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH). countable
    — Our stomachs and livers have an enzyme known as alcohol dehydrogenase that breaks down ethanol to make it less toxic for our bodies, said Atlanta gastroenterologist Dr. Preston Stewart.
  2. Ethanol. colloquial,countable,uncountable
  3. Beverages containing ethanol, collectively. uncountable
    — Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins.
  4. Any very fine powder. countable,obsolete,uncountable

词形变化

alcohols plural

词汇关系

近义词
alcohol
上位词
organic compound chemical compound
下位词
fatty alcohol sugar alcohol polyol polyhydric alcohol polyalcohol methanol ethanol propanol butanol
衍生词
absolute alcohol acetic alcohol alcohol abuse alcohol addiction alcoholaemia alcoholase alcoholate alcohol burner alcohol by volume alcohol clamp alcohol dehydrogenase alcohol enema alcohol flush reaction alcohol-free alcoholic alcoholicity alcoholiday alcohol intoxication alcoholism alcoholization alcoholize alcoholless alcoholly alcoholmeter alcohologist alcohology alcohololysis alcoholomania alcoholometer alcoholometric alcoholometry alcoholophilia alcohol poisoning alcohol-related dementia alcohol use disorder alcohol withdrawal syndrome alcoholy alcoholysis alcolock alcopop alcotest alcotourism alcotourist alkoxyalcohol alkyl allyl alcohol amino alcohol amyl alcohol antialcohol azidoalcohol benzyl alcohol bioalcohol butyl alcohol cetyl alcohol chloral coniferyl alcohol denatured alcohol deoxy sugar alcohol diesohol epoxyalcohol ethyl alcohol fatty alcohol fetal alcohol spectrum disorder fetal alcohol syndrome fluoroalcohol foetal alcohol syndrome fusel alcohol gasahol gasohol grain alcohol haloalcohol hold one's alcohol -holic -holism isoamyl alcohol isopropyl alcohol ketoalcohol lauryl alcohol low-alcohol methal methyl alcohol neopentyl alcohol neutral alcohol no-alcohol nonalcohol nonalcoholic non-alcoholic -ol perillyl alcohol phenethyl alcohol polyalcohol polyhydric alcohol polyvinyl alcohol polyvinylalcohol prealcohol primary alcohol propargyl alcohol propyl alcohol rubbing alcohol secondary alcohol sugar alcohol sulfur alcohol sulphur alcohol tertiary alcohol thioalcohol unit of alcohol vinous alcohol wood alcohol wood-alcohol
相关词
alcoholic beverage

词源

Etymology tree
Akkadian 𒎎𒋆𒁉𒍣𒁕 (guḫlum)bor.
Aramaic כוחלא (kuḥlā)bor.
Arabic كُحْل (kuḥl)
Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥūl)bor.
Medieval Latin alcoholder.
Middle English alcofol
English alcohol
First attested in the 15th century from Middle English alcofol, from Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, derived from the Medieval Latin rendering alcohol transmitted in medical or alchemical literature of Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”), which in Andalusian Arabic also bore the form كُحُول (kuḥūl), قُحُول (quḥūl); bearing thus the meaning of stibnite first, then generalized in meaning to a powder obtained by triturating a material, then also to liquids obtained by boiling down, and specialized to mean spirit of wine, ethanol, in the 18th century, then the narrow chemical sense after 1850. Doublet of alcool and kohl.
Various old etymological notes.
* Bartholomew Traheron in his 1543 translation of John of Vigo introduces the word as a term used by "barbarous" (Moorish) authors for "fine powder": the barbarous auctours use alcohol, or (as I fynde it sometymes wryten) alcofoll, for moost fine poudre.
* William Johnson in his 1657 Lexicon Chymicum glosses the word as antimonium sive stibium. By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including "alcohol of wine", the distilled essence of wine.
* Libavius in Alchymia (1594) has vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum.
* Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat.
* Some authorities, including Rachel Hajar, suggest that the ultimate etymon was the Arabic term اَلْغَوْل (al-ḡawl, “bad effect, evil result of headache”) (as used in Qur’an verse 37:47, but this word is rather poetical and could for topical reasons not have been picked up from Arabic by Medieval writers, and aside from that the relation to stibium is well documented.
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