夏与龙山文化？英文双语对照

龙山文化是夏文化形成的直接源头，而以伊洛河平原、洛阳地区为中心的河洛地区，是河南龙山文化的重要分布地区，就这点而言，河洛地区可以说是夏文化、华夏文化的发源地及其形成、发展的核心地区，也可以说是以后汉文化、中华民族文化的发源地。”中国社会科学院考古研究所所长刘庆柱近日在河洛文化学术研讨会上这样说。

这一观点得到了百余名与会专家的一致认同，并达成共识：河洛文化生成在中原地区，在中国古代文明起源和初步发展时期，起着主源、主导和核心作用，文字、礼器、青铜冶铸、都城以及河图洛书，都是河洛文化对中华文明的重大贡献。

夏商都城均在河洛

20世纪初河南安阳殷墟大量甲骨的出土，证明了殷墟属于商代晚期都城，也证实了史书中有关商代历史的记载基本可信。此后，考古工作者在郑州市发现了商代早期都城遗址二里岗，在洛阳偃师发现了又一座保存较好的商代早期都城遗址----偃师商城，两座都城遗址的相继发现与研究，从考古学上解决了早期商代王朝的存在问题，从而使安阳殷墟的商代晚期文明在河洛地区找到源头。

半个世纪前，考古学家又在河南偃师二里头村找到了目前所知时代最早的中国古代宫殿建筑遗址，它早于安阳殷墟、郑州商城和偃师商城，又晚于河南龙山文化。经过几十年的考古发掘和研究，学术界一般认为以二里头遗址命名的“二里头文化”就是“夏文化”，二里头遗址是一座夏王朝的都城遗址，即“夏墟”。偃师二里头遗址的考古发现与研究，确定了夏代后期的都城遗址，使河洛地区在中国古代文明起源、形成与早期发展中的历史地位更为突出。

龙山文化是“母体”

刘庆柱说，河洛地区的夏商王国是中国古代历史上的早期王国，在同时期当今中国范围之内，各地没有比夏商对以后中国古代历史发展影响更大、更为重要的王国。寻找直接产生夏商王国文明的考古学文化，是实施中国古代文明“探源工程”的关键，而田野考古揭示，河洛地区的河南龙山文化就是夏文化的母体文化。

近年来学术界在中国古代文明起源与形成研究中，由于辽西红山文化、江浙等地良渚文化的考古新发现，一种中国古代文明起源、形成的多地区、“多元”学说比较流行，而河洛地区在中国古代文明起源、形成的关键性作用却被忽视。

对此，刘庆柱认为，近年来不断发现的考古新资料说明，夏文化产生于河洛地区的河南龙山文化，也就是说夏文化基本上是河洛地区“土生土长”的考古学文化。红山文化、良渚文化都对中原地区、河洛地区考古学文化的发展产生过程度不同的作用，但河洛地区古代文明的形成与早期发展的源头，只能是河洛地区的河南龙山文化。因此，从探索中国古代文明形成源头来说，夏文化直接渊源于河洛地区的河南龙山文化；从对夏王朝以后的中国古代历史发展而言，河洛地区的河南龙山文化、夏文化是孕育华夏文明、中华民族文化、汉文化的核心文化

延续性。中原文化如果从河南裴李岗文化算起，已绵延 8000 年之久。它从一开始就踏着强健的步伐走来，中间虽经历了时盛时衰的曲折过程，但始终没有中断。从裴李岗文化、仰韶文化再到河南龙山文化以至三代的夏、商、周文化，以及秦汉及其以后，各朝代文化始终延续发展。即使鲜卑族拓拔氏建立的北魏王朝、蒙古族的大元帝国在中原建立政权，不仅没有使中原文化中断，反而使他们自身受到汉化。在优胜劣汰的自然原则支配下，使他们不得不改变自己，自觉接受中原文化。在漫长的历史演变过程中，只有中原文化始终自成体系，向来不曾被异化、被中断。这一点，在中国所有地域文化中恐怕是最为突出的。再以龙山文化为例，与中原龙山文化时代大体相同的考古学文化有：海岱地区的龙山文化、太湖地区的良渚文化、江汉地区的石家河文化等。这三个地区的古文化，从发掘资料的实际情况看，它的水平与中原的龙山文化相比有过之而无不及。但这三个地区的古文化最后有的彻底中断，有的走向低谷。如海岱地区的龙山文化，它的继承者是岳石文化，其文化水平明显地衰退；太湖地区的良渚文化，是我国东南地区最灿烂的一支文化，但是它的归宿不知所终，成为学术界不能理解的谜团。石家河文化最后融入中原龙山文化之内。在中原龙山文化的基础上，出现了尧舜联邦王朝，出现了中国历史上第一个世袭王朝。以上这些情况就有力地说明中原文化它呈现出来的极强的生命延续性特点。

The Longshan Culture is the immediate source that summerly culture forms, and the area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces that is a center with area of Campagna of river of Yi the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces, Luoyang, it is the main distributinging area of Henan the Longshan Culture, with respect to this bit character, the birthplace that area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces can say is culture of summerly culture, an ancient name for China reachs his to form, the core area of development, also can saying is the birthplace with culture of culture of the later Han dynasty, the Chinese nation.

This one viewpoint got the accord of more than 100 experts attending the meeting is agreed with, reach consensus: Culture of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces is generated in Central Plains area, in origin of civilization of Chinese ancient time and preliminary development period, rising advocate source, dominant and core action, casting of smelt metal of character, sacrificial vessel, bronze, capital and book of river graph the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces, it is the significant contribution with civilized to China culture of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces.

Summerly business capital all is in river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces

The Henan at the beginning of 20 centuries installs in relief Yin Dynasty ruins of many armour bone come up out of land, proved Yin Dynasty ruins attributes trade acting terminal capital, the account that the history takes the place of about business in also confirming history is basic and authentic. After this, archaeology worker discovered in Zhengzhou city business is acting inchoate capital relics 2 lis of hillock, the business generation with discovered in Luoyang cease division another is saved better is inchoate capital relics----Cease division store, of two capital relics in succession discovery and research, from archaeological the existence problem that solved inchoate business acting dynasty, the business generation that makes install in relief Yin Dynasty ruins thereby is terminal and civilized source is found in area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces.

Before half century, archaeologist falls on his back in Henan again 2 within village found division what know the palace of Chinese ancient time with the earliest times to build relics at present, it antedates store of the Yin Dynasty ruins that install this world, Zhengzhou and cease division store, be later than Henan the Longshan Culture again. Disentomb through archaeology of a few years and study, academia thinks to name with 2 within relics commonly " 2 within culture " namely " Xia Wen is changed " , 2 within relics is the capital relics of a Xia Wangchao, namely " summerly ruins " . The archaeology of 2 within relics discovers cease division with research, decided the capital relics of Xia Dai later period, make area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces is in China archaic civilization origin, form more as outstanding as status of inchoate developing history.

The Longshan Culture is " the mother's body "

Liu Qingzhu says, the summerly business kingdom of area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces is the inchoate kingdom on history of Chinese ancient time, it is in limits of contemporaneous current China, after each district was opposite than Xia Shang, development of history of Chinese ancient time affects more bigger, important kingdom. Search the archaeological culture with civilized kingdom of business of direct generation summer, it is civilization of executive China ancient time " explore source project " crucial, and field archaeology announces, the Henan the Longshan Culture of area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces is the culture of the mother's body of summerly culture.

In recent years academia is in China archaic civilization origin and in forming research, as a result of distant fine of and other places of short for Zhejiang Province of Xi Gongshan culture, river smalls piece of land surrounded by water the archaeology new discovery of culture, origin of civilization of ancient time of a kind of China, formation much area, " multivariate " theory is more popular, and area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces is in China archaic civilization origin, formation decisive action is ignored however.

To this, liu Qingzhu thinks, the archaeology new material that discovers ceaselessly in recent years explains, summerly culture produces the Henan the Longshan Culture of Yu Heluo area, that is to say summerly culture basically is area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces " local born and bred " archaeological culture. Zhu Wen of red hill culture, fine turns area of the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces of area of the place in be opposite, river the effect that the progress of archaeological culture has produced degree to differ, but the fountainhead of the formation of civilization of ancient time of area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces and inchoate development, can be the Henan the Longshan Culture of area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces only. Accordingly, from exploration civilization of Chinese ancient time forms source for, xia Wen changes the Henan the Longshan Culture of area of immediate source Yu Heluo; From development of history of ancient time of the following to Xia Wangchao China character, culture of the Henan the Longshan Culture of area of river the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces, summer is culture of civilization of an ancient name for China of be pregnant with, the Chinese nation, Chinese the core culture of culture

Continuity. If Central Plains culture calculates from culture of Li Gang of Henan a surname case, already was continuous 8000 long. It from stepping able-bodied pace to go at the beginning, among although experienced the meandering course of rise and fall, but did not interrupt from beginning to end. From Pei Li hillock culture, Yangshao culture arrives again the summer of 3 generation, business, Zhou Wen changes down to of Henan the Longshan Culture, and after Qin Han reachs his, each dynasty culture continues from beginning to end development. Yuan of big empire of the dynasty of Northen Wei Dynasty that although develop of Xianbei a group of things with common features unplugs,the family name builds, the Monggol nationality builds political power in Central Plains, did not make Central Plains culture is interrupted not only, make they get personally oneself instead Chinese change. Control in the natural principle of superior bad discard below, make they must change themselves, accept Central Plains culture self-consciously. The process evolves in long history in, only Central Plains culture becomes a system oneself from beginning to end, all along never by dissimilation, be interrupted. This, be afraid in culture of Chinese all district is most outstanding. It is with the Longshan Culture again exemple, with cardinal principle of times of Central Plains the Longshan Culture identical archaeological culture has: The Longshan Culture of area of sea another name for Taishan Mountain, too the fine of lake area smalls piece of land surrounded by water the culture, Shi Jiahe culture of Jiang Han area. The ancient prose of these 3 areas is changed, from disentomb the actual condition of the data looks, the photograph of the Longshan Culture of its level and Central Plains compares a go even farther than. But final some interrupts the ancient culture of these 3 areas thoroughly, some moves toward trough. Be like the Longshan Culture of area of sea another name for Taishan Mountain, its successor is culture of high mountain rock, its culture level ebbs apparently; Too Zhu Wen turns the fine of lake area, it is a culture with our country the brightest southeast, but its a home to return to does not know place eventually, make the mystery group that academia cannot understand. Culture of stone home river blends in Central Plains the Longshan Culture finally in. On the foundation of Central Plains the Longshan Culture, appeared dynasty of federal of Yao and Shun, appeared the first descendent dynasty. Above the extremely strong life continuity characteristic that these circumstances show to it shows Central Plains culture to come out now with respect to effectively.