速写的基本要点？英文双语对照

一、形体的比例、结构和造型特征准确 形准，俗称“象”，这是写实手法的要求。

而写实手法的前提是尊重对象，即要求主观认识服从客观规律，通过“应物象形”去掌握合乎形式美的造型规律。造型特征的淮确足以形体比例和结构的准确为基础的。石膏像从总体到各局部之间的位置都存在着大小、长短、宽窄的比例关系，不同石膏像由于不同特点的结构，产生了各部结构之间各不相同的比例关系，从而形成了不同石膏像的不同造型特征。如阿格里巴的头颅结构圆浑结实，鼻子坚挺有力，下巴方正厚实，形成了力量型的特征；伏尔泰脑门高大，颧高，鼻尖，颏凸，形成了冷静、尖酸刻薄的思想型的特征。二、对体量、空间、质感及精神特点有一定的表现力量感、质感和空间感是物体的共同属性。这些因素在画面上是通过透视法的运用和刚柔曲直的线条、明暗调子的处理及块面的转折来实现的。这里有考生观察、领会的问题，又有素描表现技法的运用问题。石膏像的精神特点的表达，除了抓淮形体的比例和结构之外，也有赖于上述量感，质感和空间感的技法的表现。三、画面构图饱满，虚实处理得当，整体效果好构图完整饱满，轻重得当，主体突出是试卷完整性的一个决定因素。虚实关系指形象表达的主次和强弱的恰当处理，也指画面线条、明暗、块面处理产生的节奏感，它是产生艺术感染力的重要因素。整体效果除形象整体的造型效果之外，也指画面黑、白、灰处理得当、协调统一、不散、不灰、不乱、这是形成画面整体艺术效果的关键。考生要在四开铅画纸上用三个小时完成一个石膏头像的写生，并非易事。从我省历年高师美术专业招生素描考试的卷面情况看，除部分优秀者外，一般都存在这样或那样的问题。这些问题又如何克服?在此略举几项，以供参考。一、画面构图不当。或画得过大，甚至把石膏像某些部分挤出了画面；或画得过小，空白过多，主体不突出；或画得过偏，左右失去平衡；或画得过高，顶天不着地；或画得过低，沉地不着天。这些毛病都会损害画面效果和成绩的提高。考生若能在落笔之前心中先有一个主体部位的权衡和上下左右的测定，然后用短线定出石膏像的中心线和上下的位置，再根据头部朝向和明暗调子的具体情况定出左右的位置，构图问题就不难解决了。二、形不准，即所画形象与实际对象相差甚远，走样过多，或变形太大。要克服这一问题，在作画时抓住打轮廓这一环节。首先。要注意石膏像大的形体结构和各部之间的大小，长短的比例关系。然后，在下笔时，结合透视，从整体到局部，从大到小抓住形体的结构，按相互间的比例一步步地定位、勾形，并作反复的比较和判断，使整个造型的结构和比例关系准确到位。三、造型平板，缺乏空间感和立体感。要想较好地解决这一问题，首先，要树立很强的形体观念，其中“体”是核心。在平面的纸上要表现好三维空间中的深度感，必须正确运用焦点透视法。这是表现空间感，立体感的主要手段，要高度重视。第二，注意明暗调子的透视效果，即靠近你的部位明暗对比要强烈，远的即减弱。第三，在刻画和塑造对象时，离你近的应画得具体一些，远的可简略一些，即远虚近实。四、画面松散，显得脏、灰、碎、乱。这是考生缺乏整体的观察方法和表现方法所致。整体效果是画面的艺术效果，也是评判一幅素描好坏的重要标准。要想避免上述毛病的发生，首先，在观察时要有整体的观念，要看大局、抓主体、分主次，不能看一点画一点，平均对待，以便有效地克服脏与灰的毛病。第二，要遵循从整体出发，先画整体后画局部，最后又回归整体的素描表现的基本程序。在深入刻画时必须把握好整体与局部的关系，局部细节不能画得过多、过细、过重而“跳”出画面。这是避免花、碎、乱的关键。第三，把对比的方法贯穿于从大体到深入，从调整到概括全过程的始终。整体的观察方法和表现方法是依托对比方法来实现的，也是一幅素描试卷克服松散而获取良好的整体效果的根本手段。

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英文翻译对照，仅供参考

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One, exact form follows the scale of body, structure and modelling trait, common says " elephant " , this is realistically the requirement of gimmick.

And realistically the premise of gimmick is esteem object, ask subjective understanding is obedient namely objective law, through " should content is pictographic " go mastering the model law accord with formal beauty. The Huaihe River of modelling feature truly of enough body scale and structure accurate be a foundation. Gesso resembles from overall to each local the position between is existing the scale of size, accident, size concerns, different gesso resembles the structure as a result of different characteristic, generated each not same between departmental structure scale concern, formed the different modelling feature that different gesso resembles thereby. If coronal structure of Ageliba is round muddy is strong, nose is strong and strong, chin Founder is thick, formed force model feature; Door of head of volt Er peaceful is tall, cheekbone is tall, bazoo is pointed, mental protruding, fashioned acrid and sober, acerbity ideology model feature. 2, the common property that quantity, space, simple to body sense and mental characteristic have certain expressional strength sense, simple sense and dimensional feeling is an object. The processing that these elements are cadence of the uses He Gangrou right and wrong line that passes scenography, light and shade on the picture reachs the turn of a face to come true. Here has examinee observation, comprehended problem, again what sketch behaves ability way handle an issue. The expression of the mental characteristic that gesso resembles, besides the scale of the body that catch the Huaihe River and structure, also hang on afore-mentioned volume move, the expression of simple sense and the ability law that the space feels. 3, picture composition of a picture is full, processing of false or true is proper, integral effect good composition of a picture is complete and full, weight is appropriate, main body highlights a payoff that is examination paper integrality. Relation of false or true points to the primary and secondary that figure conveys and the appropriate processing that lose by force, also point to picture line, light and shade, piece the rhythm move that face processing produces, it is the main factor that produces artistic appeal. Besides the modelling effect that integral effect removes figure whole, also show black, white, ash handles the appearance harmonious and proper, unified, do not come loose, not not grey, random, this is the key that forms effect of picture whole art. Examinee should paint the paint from life that head of a gesso completes with 3 hours on paper in quarto lead, be not easy thing. The circumstance visits an area that visits exam of sketch of recruit students of major of art of calendar year tall division from me, divide a share outstanding person outside, exist commonly such or in that way problem. How are these problems overcome again? Lift a few slightly here, in order to offer reference. One, picture composition of a picture is undeserved. Or draw too greatly, squeeze gesso like certain part even gave a picture; Or draw too smally, blank and overmuch, subject is not outstanding; Or the picture must slant too, right-and-left overbalance; Or draw exorbitantly, top day not touchdown; Or draw too lowly, do not wear heavily day. These defect meet those who damage picture effect and achievement to rise. If examinee can be in what have the balance of place of a main body and fluctuation left and right sides first before start to write or draw in the heart determine, the position of the central line that decides gesso resembling with short line next and fluctuation, decide right-and-left position according to the particular case of head head and cadence of light and shade again, problem of composition of a picture was solved not hard. 2, form forbid, what draw figure and real target to differ namely very far, go out of form is overmuch, or be out of shape too big. Want to overcome this one problem, dozen of rough sketch is held when making a picture this one link. Above all. The shape structure that should notice gesso resembling is big and departmental the size between, the scale of accident concerns. Next, when begin to write or paint, union is clairvoyant, arrive from whole local, from arrive greatly small the construction that holds body, by mutual the scale between locates step by step, tick off form, make iteration comparison and judgement, make whole formative structure and scale impact precise reach the designated position. 3, modelling flat, lack dimensional feeling and stereo sense. Want better land solves this one problem, above all, want to establish very strong body sense, among them " body " it is core. The deepness feeling in good three dimensional space should be behaved on planar paper, must apply focal scenography correctly. This is expressional space feeling, the main measure of stereo feeling, want to take seriously highly. The 2nd, note the clairvoyant result of cadence of light and shade, the place light and shade that stands by you namely is comparative and ambitious intense, far namely abate. The 3rd, mix in depict when modelling an object, close from you should draw a few more specificly, far but a few briefer, namely far theory close reality. 4, the picture is inattentive, appear dirty, grey, broken, random. This is be caused by of the observation method of examinee lack whole and expressional method. Integral effect is the artistic effect of the picture, also be judge the important level of stand or fall of a sketch. Want to avoid the happening of afore-mentioned defect, above all, want to have integral idea when observation, should see overall situation, catch primary and secondary of main body, cent, cannot see a bit picture a bit, treat on average, so that be overcome effectively dirty the defect with ash. The 2nd, should abide by set out from whole, the picture after drawing whole first is local, return to the basic course that integral sketch behaves again finally. Good whole and local concern must hold when thorough depict, local detail cannot have been drawn much, meticulous, overweight and " jump " give a picture. This is the key that prevents flower, broken, chaos. The 3rd, the method contrast is perforative at arriving from cardinal principle thorough, from what adjust wraparound whole process from beginning to end. Observation method of whole and expressional method rely on comparative square Falaishi to show, also be examination paper of a sketch is overcome inattentive and those who get favorable integral result is essential method.