中国改革开放措施？英文双语对照

一、扩大进口以推动产业结构调整

促进创新资源优化配置鉴于进口自由化推动的市场竞争加剧对高生产率企业技术创新的“量”和“质”的积极作用，应继续积极扩大进口，推进更高水平对外开放，激发市场竞争活力，倒逼优质企业创新。在扩大进口促竞争的同时，不断深化“放管服”改革，持续优化市场营商环境，降低制造业企业经营成本，减轻创新型企业的融资约束，加快完善知识产权保护制度和现代市场体系建设，推动中高生产率企业的创新投入和创新成果实现市场化、产业化，推动产品质量提升和产业结构升级。

同时，进一步完善市场主体淘汰和退出机制，引导和加速资产负债率过高且连年亏损的“僵尸企业”市场出清，通过推动各种创新资源和创新要素向高生产率企业转移，优化产业内部结构调整，加速创新质量提升，促使制造业实现创新驱动发展。有效的制度设计是进口竞争压力上升促进技术创新水平提升的有力保障。在对外扩大开放的同时，积极发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，通过产业内部的“创造性破坏”机制，推动进口竞争加剧过程中优质企业的创新胜出和落后企业的淘汰退出，从而实现整个行业的创新质量提升。

二、优化进口结构

丰富进口种类，加大高质量中间品进口力度由于中间品进口能显著促进企业创新规模扩大，尤为重要的是中间品进口种类能够显著提升企业创新质量，政策制定者应持续提高中间品进口便利化水平，通过线上线下多种方式降低企业对国外高质量中间品的搜寻和筛选成本及采购成本，同时针对国内短缺的高技术中间品适当放松管制门槛，提高企业在全世界范围内整合资源的能力，激发企业创新活力。并且，有针对性推动一般贸易企业、东部地区企业和高技术行业企业的中间品进口种类的扩张，促进企业创新质量提升。

考虑到研发激励效应是中间品进口促进企业创新水平提升的重要渠道，结合中国的高质量发展诉求，扩大中间品进口不能局限于单纯满足国内加工制造环节的需要，而应在刺激企业研发创新上发挥更重要的作用。充分发挥进口中间品对企业自主研发的激励效应，引导企业在扩大中间品进口种类的同时，增加切实关系企业研发的核心零配件和高端研发设备的进口，通过“后发优势”的发挥实现制造业技术升级和生产率跃升。

此外，美欧日等发达经济体经常出于政治目的对我国“卡脖子”的关键技术实施出口管制和技术封锁，因而各级政府和行业协会商会对于进口依赖度偏高的核心零部件和高端先进设备应保持高度重视和警惕，一方面积极通过对话和协商推动部分发达国家放宽对华出口管制，积极寻找替代贸易伙伴，推进上述中间品的进口多元化战略，减少对少数国家或少数跨国企业的过度依赖；另一方面，实施积极的财税政策重点支持和引导国内领先企业在相关领域开展技术攻关，早日打破发达国家的技术垄断。

三、持续优化出口产品结构

积极扩大高新技术产品出口由于出口参与能显著促进企业创新规模的扩大，面对当前复杂的国内外形势，各级政府应继续推动全方位对外开放，稳定外贸出口。在通过提高出口通关效率、降低出口环节费用和提升口岸综合服务等举措推进通关便利化的同时，积极寻求更广泛的国际合作，以缓解贸易摩擦和减少由于部分国家对华发起贸易制裁导致的损失。

出口仅显著促进高技术行业企业创新质量的结论意味着，在继续扩大出口的实践中，扩大一揽子出口总量的做法不符合创新质量提升的诉求，推动高技术行业企业的高质量产品出口对于创新质量提升尤为关键。通过积极引导和帮扶高技术行业企业走出国门，推动高质量产品的对外输出，切实提高出口产品的国际竞争力，驱动出口贸易转型升级，在推动制造业迈向全球价值链中高端的同时实现“比较优势”陷阱的跨越。依托“一带一路”积极输出高新技术产品。

中国的高新技术产品与“一带一路”沿线部分发展中国家相较具有明显的技术优势，引导高技术企业向这些国家出口有助于实现创新成果的技术溢价和获取一定周期的垄断利润，进而驱动企业不断创新和技术升级，使出口的创新质量提升效应得到更有效的发挥。

四、不断完善创新政策和创新体系

激发企业自主创新活力增加自主研发力度是企业能否更好地依托国际贸易实现技术升级的关键。积极开展自主研发的创新企业能从国际贸易中获取更多福利，并获得创新质量提升的正向循环和可持续发展。不断加大企业研发投入，延长企业自主创新持续时间，有助于放大国际贸易对企业技术创新的积极作用，推动企业技术创新水平从“量”的积累转向“质”的跃升。

各级政府应从长远的战略上谋划布局创新政策体系，侧重财务金融、税收优惠和法规管制等方面的举措，不断优化营商环境，减少市场交易成本和制度性成本，大力改善科技型企业融资环境，健全知识产权保护法治体系，为企业技术创新提供适宜的体制环境，适当通过政府采购引导国内企业进行基础研究和核心技术的攻关。同时，创新支持政策应优先采取间接的资金支持方式，如信用担保制度、创新人才和创新项目减免税、加速折旧税收抵免等，从而提高财政资金的使用效率。

对于具有正向外部性的创新活动进行适当的政府补贴有助于激励市场的创新行为。应进一步完善和优化政府补助结构，逐步调整激励方向转向高质量技术创新成果和高附加值产品出口，减少企业为迎合创新追赶战略采取的策略性创新，同时应避免企业对政策性资源的过度依赖和自主创新动力的弱化。

五、靶向施策

增强区域间和企业间创新发展的协同性和平衡性结合区域创新发展优势和特色，因地制宜实施差异化的贸易开放和创新激励政策。我国东部地区的贸易开放程度相对较高，科技创新能力优势明显，当地政府应进一步完善市场竞争机制和研发激励机制，通过国外进口和国内竞争的压力倒逼优质企业进行研发创新；积极引导高技术企业扩大出口的同时，支持部分高技术行业的龙头企业进行基础研究和重大核心技术的攻坚，推动东部沿海地区高技术产业集群和创新企业集群的形成，助推东部地区实现创新引领功能。

而中西部地区的贸易开放程度相对较低，科技创新总体水平较为落后，这些地区应适当采取创新跟随策略，立足于地方产业基础和优势，通过扩大中间品进口或承接东部地区产业转移的形式积极引进国外和东部地区的高技术零部件和先进设备，通过技术吸收实现技术升级；同时结合地方自然禀赋优势和初具规模的产业集群优势，着重开展与当地知识结构相匹配的创新活动。

结合企业的生产率水平、经营规模、贸易方式和所处行业的技术水平，实施有针对性的创新激励政策。高生产率企业在推动核心技术突破方面扮演着重要角色，应积极发挥这些企业在科技创新方面的排头兵作用。

One, enlarge an entrance to use industrial structural adjustment in order to push

Stimulative innovation resource optimizes configuration to liberalize in view of the entrance the market competition aggravate that drive innovates to technology of tall productivity industry " quantity " and " qualitative " positive effect, should continue to enlarge an entrance actively, advance higher level to open to the outside world, arouse market competition vitality, force high grade enterprise innovates. Enlarging an entrance while hurried competes, deepen ceaselessly " put a canal to take " reform, optimize environment of market run business continuously, reduce manufacturing industry enterprise to run cost, reduce the financing of innovation enterprise to restrain, accelerate protection of perfect intellectual property and construction of modern market system, the innovation investment of tall productivity enterprise in driving and innovation achievement fact are commercialized now, industrialization, drive product quality promotion and industrial structure to upgrade.

In the meantime, main body of farther perfect market falls into disuse and exit a mechanism, guide and quicken asset indebted rate is exorbitant and of deficit of in successive years " corpse enterprise " the market goes quiet, through prompting all sorts of innovation resource and innovation essential factor yield enterprise transfers Xiang Gaosheng, optimize industrial interior structural adjustment, quicken innovation mass promotion, make manufacturing industry achieve innovation drive progress. Effective system design is to import competitive pressure to rise the strong safeguard that level of stimulative technology innovation promotes. Expanding external open while, active play market configures medium decisive action in resource, pass industrial interior " creativity is destroyed " mechanism, the innovation of high grade enterprise in prompting procedure of import competition aggravate wins out and of lagging industry fall into disuse exit, realize the innovation mass promotion of whole industry thereby.

2, optimize entrance structure

Rich entrance is phyletic, increase as a result of,entrance strength is tasted among high quality among taste an entrance to be able to promote enterprise innovation dimensions to expand significantly, particularly important is among taste entrance sort to be able to promote an enterprise innovation quality significantly, policy constitutor should be carried continuously entrance advantage is tasted to change a standard between high school, reduce an enterprise to purchase cost to search for and choosing cost what taste among foreign high quality to reach through a variety of means below the line on the line, taste among the hi-tech that is in short supply in the light of home at the same time loosen control doorsill appropriately, increase the capacity that the enterprise makes joint-stock source inside limits all over the world, arouse enterprise innovation vitality. And, the intermediate tastes entrance sort dilate that specific aim urges industry of general trade business, region of the eastpart part and hi-tech industry company, quality of stimulative enterprise innovation promotes.

Considering effect of drive of research and development is the intermediate important channel that tastes an entrance to promote enterprise innovation level to promote, the high quality development that links China appeals to beg, expand among taste an entrance cannot the need that confine machines production link at pure and contented home, and the effect with should stimulating the play on innovation of business research and development mainer. Produce the incentive effect that own to the enterprise research and development tastes among the entrance adequately, conduct a business expanding among article while the entrance is phyletic, increase the import of the core spare parts of research and development of practical concern business and equipment of high-end research and development, through " late dominant position " technology of play implementation manufacturing industry upgrades and productivity is jumped litre.

In addition, beautiful Europe day develop economic system often stems from political purpose to our country " card neck " control of crucial technology executive export and technical block, advanced equipment should maintain the core component that consequently various government and guild chamber of commerce count degree of on the high side to the entrance and high end to take seriously highly with vigilance, drive partial developed country actively to relax through conversational chime business on one hand right China export control, search actively replace commerce associate, push afore-mentioned intermediate tasted entrance diversity strategies, those who decrease to cross state-owend enterprise trade to a few country or minority is excessive depend on; On the other hand, carry out vigorous wealth tax policy to the key supports and guide domestic lead company to begin a technology to tackle key problem in relevant domain, break the technical monopoly of the developed country at an early date.

3, optimize exit product structure continuously

Enlarge product of new and high technology actively to because exit participates in the amplification of dimensions of innovation of can prominent stimulative business,be exported, face current and complex domestic and international situation, various government should continue to drive all-around open to the outside world, stabilize foreign trade exit. Concerning efficiency through raising exit to connect, reduce exit link charge and promotion port the act such as integrated service is advanced close while advantage is changed, seek more extensive international cooperation actively, because partial country is right,decrease in order to alleviate China the loss that starts commerce punish to bring about.

Exit promotes the conclusion of quality of innovation of hi-tech industry business to mean significantly only, in continueing to enlarge the practice of exit, the practice that enlarges wholesale outlet gross does not accord with what innovation quality promotes to appeal to beg, the exit of high quality product that urges hi-tech industry company promotes to innovation quality particularly crucial. Help hi-tech industry business up to take door going abroad through guide actively and be being helped, promote high quality product output external, cogent the international competition ability that enhances exit product, transition of drive export trade upgrades, driving while manufacturing industry marchs toward the high end in global value catenary, come true " compare a dominant position " of trap span. Rely on " one belt all the way " export product of new and high technology actively.

Product of new and high technology and " one belt all the way " photograph of developing country of part of along the line has clear technical advantage relatively, the technical excessive price that leads hi-tech enterprise to conduce to implementation innovation achievement to these national export and the forestall profit that get certain cycle, then drive business innovates ceaselessly and the technology upgrades, the innovation quality of exert mouth promotes effect to get more effective play.

4, policy of ceaseless and perfect innovation and innovation system

Stimulate an industry own innovation vigor increases strength of own research and development is an enterprise whether the key that relies on international trade to realize a technology to upgrade better. The innovation business that develops own research and development actively can get more welfare from inside international trade, obtain what innovation quality promotes to be being mixed to the loop can develop continuously. Increase investment of business research and development ceaselessly, lengthen an enterprise own innovation duration, conduce to the positive effect that enlarge international trade innovates to industry technology, urge standard of industry technology innovation from " quantity " accumulate change direction " qualitative " jump litre.

Various government should innovate from distribution of the plan on long-term strategy policy system, emphasize particularly on privilege of financial finance, taxation and code the act of the respect such as control, optimize battalion business environment ceaselessly, reduce the market to trade cost and system sex cost, improve environment of financing of science and technology industry energetically, perfect intellectual property protects law system, for industry technology innovation provides appropriate system environment, purchase those who guide domestic company to have basic research and core technology to tackle key problem through the government appropriately. In the meantime, innovation supports policy to answer preferential adopt indirect capital to support way, if credit assures talent of system, innovation and duty of innovation project derate, quicken depreciation taxation to touch avoid etc, improve the use efficiency of finance capital thereby.

Undertaking to the innovation activity of exterior sex to having proper governmental subsidy conduces to the innovation behavior of incentive market. Should be perfected further and optimize governmental allowance structure, adjust incentive direction to change high quality technology to exit of innovation achievement and product of high additional cost stage by stage, the politic sex that reduces an enterprise to chase the strategy to adopt to cater to innovation innovates, should avoid an enterprise to be opposite at the same time of policy sex resource excessive depend on and own innovation dynamic is changed infirmly.

5, target to use strategy

Enhance what develop with the innovation between the enterprise between area to cooperate with advantage of development of gender and innovation of section of balance sex union and characteristic, the trade that executive difference of adjust measures to local conditions turns is opened and innovate incentive policy. The commerce of area of our country the eastpart part opens rate opposite taller, advantage of capacity of innovation of science and technology is clear, local government should perfect market competition mechanism and mechanism of drive of research and development further, through abroad entrance and the pressure that home competes force high grade enterprise undertakes research and development innovates; Guide hi-tech actively while the company expands exit, the bibcock industry that supports partial hi-tech industry undertakes the assault fortified positions of basic research and significant core technology, drive the formation of group of industry of hi-tech of foreland of the eastpart part and innovation industry group, aid push area of the eastpart part to realize innovation to lead a function.

And the commerce of center-west region opens rate relatively inferior, innovation of science and technology is overall the level is relatively backward, these areas should adopt innovation to follow appropriately politic, base oneself upon is mixed at local property basis advantage, through expanding among taste an entrance or carry on the hi-tech component that the form that industry of region of the eastpart part changes introduces abroad and area of the eastpart part actively and advanced equipment, absorb implementation technology to upgrade through the technology; Combinative place is natural at the same time gift advantage and the industrial group dominant position that take shape, emphasize develop the innovation activity that matchs with photograph of local knowledge structure.

Pattern of the productivity level that joins a company, operation, trade and located the technical level of the industry, implement the innovation drive policy that has specific aim. Tall productivity enterprise is driving core technology to break through a respect to acting important role, should develop these enterprises actively to innovate in science and technology the action of weapons of the person at the head of a procession of the respect.