希腊文化对西方文化有哪些影响？英文双语对照

古代希腊文化，是对其丰富多彩的分支文化特色的概括和总结，这些文化又更加清晰明确地衬托出古代希腊文化整体的灿烂辉煌。

从宗教和神话方面看，古代希腊虽然是泛神论的国度，但它的宗教神话却有鲜明的特色。一是以人形造神形，将神拟人化。古希腊的神有父母子女、家谱历史、衣服、宫殿，有悲欢离合之忧愁。神话中的“英雄”实际是人们心目中崇敬和想成为英雄的心理追求，是借助英雄壮举，抒发和赞扬人的伟大。二是政教分离，神不干涉或很少干涉政治。人敬神出于心理需要，城邦奉神意在文化娱人。三是不存在独立的僧侣阶级，也没有迫使人们必须遵守的繁杂教义，反而存在“神庙庇护制度”，使人们的思想发展更为自由。

从文学艺术方面看，文学体裁多样化，不仅有史诗、寓言，还有诗歌作品。文学的主题以歌颂人为中心，同时也介绍了不少其他方面的知识，如文史一体的《荷马史诗》、介绍了不少农业知识的《田功农时》以及介绍宗教知识的《神谱》等。作家来源也相当广泛，有职业作家，也有业余作家，有男性作家，也有女性作家。如“七贤人”之一的梭伦，曾一度是古希腊的职业诗人。被誉为“希腊之花”的第一位女诗人萨福的职业是教师，从事诗歌创作纯属业余爱好。古代希腊的艺术着力歌颂人、表现人，建筑雕刻显示人的力量与健美，悲剧喜剧昭示人生对命运的抗争，揭示人的个性价值。同时，将艺术世俗化，变神秘为公开，变神形为人形，经艺术家的创作，古希腊的男神个个体态匀称，健美潇洒，女神个个端庄秀丽、丰满柔情。

从自然科学与人文科学方面看，从事科学之人，大多既是科学家，又是哲学家，他们以哲学思想指导科学实践，以科学探索促进哲学研究，在价值取向方面，重功名，轻富贵。如哲学家德谟克利特曾说过，宁愿在几何学上发现一项证明，也不要波斯王位。在研究方法上，侧重理论思维，注重实际操作，如建立图书馆、采集标本、解剖人体等，努力追求“求真”“求实”的科学化发展道路。从希罗多德的《历史》到修昔底德的《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》，每一个字都经过作者的考证，大体可以证明事件的发展过程。研究的目的注重社会功能，竭力改变人对自然的依赖，展示个人的才能，改善人的生活。希罗多德写《历史》一书，为了使人不致忘却，修昔底德写《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》，为的是让后人记住教训。

古希腊文的拉丁文赋予欧洲语言大量的词汇以及由这些词汇所反映的含义和观念，是古典文明遗产中最简明的部分。文字是人类文明的重要标志，迦南的腓尼基人把字母传给古希腊人，后来希腊字母又演化成拉丁字母，并最终成为西方各国字母的来源。文字出现以后，又反过来对社会生活的各个方面产生强烈的影响，尤其表现在文学方面。从古希腊的文学成就来说，先有荷马、希西阿德等人的史诗，后有萨福等人的抒情诗，接着便是戏剧。悲剧作为古希腊文学的最高成就，已成为现代舞台剧的鼻祖。

古希腊的史学是西方史学的源头。古代希腊史学与后来一脉相承的古罗马史学共同构成了西方史学发展的第一个阶段——古典史学阶段。古希腊人在西方史学史上做出了巨大的贡献，他们以求真的态度、怀疑的精神、批判的眼光、理性的分析，完成了由自发的历史意识向自觉的历史意识的过渡，并在西方史学史上率先确立了史学的理论和方法。希罗多德创立的以史实为中心的记叙体成为后来西方传统史学的正统体裁。

古希腊的哲学是后世西方各种哲学观点的胚胎和萌芽。古希腊的哲学遗产构成了近现代西方哲学研究的基本课题和知识范畴，如形而上学、逻辑学、语言哲学、知识理论、伦理学和艺术哲学等。有学者认为，古希腊三大智者——苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德在哲学历史上的位置相当于尼采和黑格尔，而亚里士多德在学术史上的位置相当于马克思和牛顿，这位百科全书式的学者，在科学、哲学、文学和政治学等方面的成就，令古代任何学者无可比拟。他的科学原理直到15世纪末还享有不可争辩的权威，他的政治学原理对今天的法学家仍产生影响。

古希腊是现代科学的发祥地。G．E．R．劳埃德所著的《早期希腊科学：从泰勒斯到亚里士多德》全面而严谨地介绍了公元前6世纪一公元前4世纪希腊在数学、哲学、医学、天文学和物理学等诸多方面的成就，认为希腊被公认为现代科学发祥地的两个原因，源于古希腊科学研究的两个基本特点：一是早期希腊哲学与科学尝试中，对自然的发现和对神灵的放弃；二是古希腊哲学家与科学家对自然现象提出各自不同的观点和理论，以及对各种理论进行的理性批判和筛选。现代科学各个学科的基本问题的源头几乎都可以追溯到古希腊，古希腊学者已把探索、怀疑和理性精神发挥到了极致，创造了古代文明的奇迹。

希腊建筑是一切艺术的研究起点。现存的建筑物遗址都深刻反映出古希腊人的艺术趣味，最突出的建筑语汇——建筑中的柱式，即多利亚式、爱奥尼亚式及科林斯式等——使古希腊建筑留下了独特而不朽的风姿，深刻影响着后人的建筑风格，并几乎贯穿在整个欧洲两千年的建筑活动中。古代世界唯有古希腊人以及后来仿效古希腊人的古罗马人在城市中有那么多的公共空间，广场、剧场、体育场、体育馆等成为城市市政建筑规划中的必要组成部分，对现代西方的城市规划产生了直接影响。

古希腊是西方政治民主的发源地，这也是古希腊对世界文明做出的最重大的贡献。西方史学界普遍认为，古希腊的雅典城邦于公元前509年建立的民主政权是世界历史上可与法国大革命和美国革命相比的里程碑式的重大事件。“民主”一词起源于古希腊语，最早见于希罗多德的《历史》一书，它由“人民”和“主权”两词组合而成，意思是人民掌握权力。当然，古希腊雅典民主政治是奴隶制基础上的民主，带有局限性和狭隘性。但是，古希腊雅典民主政治的理论和实践，经过西欧中世纪时期神学政治的影响和中介之后，为文艺复兴以来西方国家的民主政治提供了思想和灵感的源泉，为近现代西方政治制度奠定了基础。

Ancient time is Hellenistic, of the branch culture characteristic that is pair of its rich and colorful generalize and sum up, these culture more clear foil explicitly an ancient time is Hellenistic of whole bright and brilliant.

Look from religion and mythological respect, ancient time is Greek although be the country of pantheism, but its religious myth has bright distinguishing feature however. It is make divine body with person entity, divine personate. Gu Xila's god has history of parental children, family tree, dress, palace, have the sadness of joys and sorrows. In myth " hero " actual it is the psychological pursuit that esteem in people memory and wants to become a hero, it is feat of hero of have the aid of, of express and praiseful person great. 2 it is separation of religion from politics, hands-off or the god is very few interference politics. The person is godly stem from psychological need, city-state acts according to divine meaning to be in culture amusement person. The 3 abbe classes that are nonexistent independence, also did not force the multifarious religious doctrine that people must observe, exist instead " fane shelter system " , make the thought development of people more free.

From literary art the respect looks, literature is stylistic diversification, not only and epic, allegorical, still have poetry work. Literary theme with eulogizing the person is a center, also introduced the knowledge of many other sides at the same time, be like literary history an organic whole " horse of carry on one's shoulder is epic " , those who introduced many agricultural knowledge " when Tian Gongnong " and introduce religious knowledge " divine table " wait. Writer origin is quite extensive also, have professional writer, also have spare writer, have male writer, also have female writer. Be like " 7 a person of virtue " one of shuttle human relations, ever was professional poet of Gu Xila for a time. Be known as " Greek flower " the profession of blessing of the first poetess Sa is a teacher, be engaged in poetry creative work is simple belong to hobby. The artistic exert oneself with Greek ancient time eulogizes person, expression person, the strength that builds sculpture to show a person and strong and handsome, life of tragic and comedic declare publicly is right the make a stand against of the destiny, announce individual character value of the person. In the meantime, artistic vulgarization, become mysterious to be open, become magical form humanness form, via the artist's creation, male god of Gu Xila each posture is well-balanced, strong and handsome and cheesy, goddess each is dignified and beautiful, plump tender feelings.

Look from science and the humanities respect, be engaged in scientific person, mostly since scientist, it is philosopher, they coach with philosophical thought science is carried out, promote philosophical research with scientific exploration, in value orientaton respect, weigh a scholarly honour and official rank, light riches and honour. Like philosopher heart planning Kelite ever had said, aux would rather on geometry discovery proves, also do not want Persia kingship. Go up in research technique, emphasize particularly on academic thinking, pay attention to real operation, if build the library, collect the sample, anatomize human body to wait, go after hard " beg true " " be realistic " science changes development way. From Xiluoduode " the history " to the heart end Xiu Xi " uncle Luo Ben Buddhist nun scatters warlike history " , each word passes the author's textual research, cardinal principle can prove the development process of incident. The purpose of research pays attention to social function, do his utmost to change the person dependence to nature, show the individual's ability, improve the person's life. Xiluoduode is written " the history " one book, forget to make the person is not sent, the heart end Xiu Xi is written " uncle Luo Ben Buddhist nun scatters warlike history " , learn a lesson for the sake of letting later generations.

The Latin of ancient Greek gifts the vocabulary with European many language and the implication that reflect by these lexical place and idea, it is the most compendious part in classic and civilized bequest. The character is the important sign of human civilization, of Canaan Phoenician send the letter to Gu Xila's person, greek later letter evolution becomes the Latin alphabet, become source of abecedarian of western each country finally. After the character appears, each respects that live to the society conversely again produce intense effect, behave especially in literary respect. For the literary achievement from Gu Xila, what have the person such as horse of carry on one's shoulder, Xixiade first is epic, there is the lyric of the person such as Sa blessing after, it is Thespian then. Tragedy regards Gu Xila as top achievement of literature, already became the originator of contemporary the living theatre.

Gu Xila's historiography is the fountainhead of western historiography. Ancient time is Greek historiography and the first level that the ancient Rome historiography of come down in one continuous line constituted western historiography to develop jointly later -- phase of classic the science of history. Gu Xila's person in the west enormous contribution was made on historiography history, the analysis with their the spirit of true attitude, suspicion, critically eye, rational in an attempt to, finished by initiative historical consciousness the transition to self-conscious historical consciousness, and in the west take the lead in on historiography history establish the theory of historiography and method. The is a center with the historical fact narration that Xiluoduode founds is become the west is traditional later of historiography lineal and stylistic.

Gu Xila's philosophy is later ages west the bud of embryonic He Meng of all sorts of philosophy viewpoints. Philosophical bequest of Gu Xila was formed modern the main task that western philosophy studies and intellectual category, mix like theory of philosophy of metaphysical, logic, language, knowledge, ethnics artistic philosophy. The scholar thinks, gu Xila 3 big wisdom person -- the position that Socrates, Plato and Yalishiduode learn the history to go up in sagacious is equivalent to the Buddhist nun collecting with black case Er, and Yalishiduode is in the position on academic history is equivalent to Marx and Newton, this scholar of encyclopedia type, the achievement of the respect waits in science, philosophy, literature and politics, your ancient time any scholars are incomparable. His scientific principle still enjoys irrefragable authority till 15 centuries end, his politics principle still produces an effect to today's jurisconsult.

Gu Xila is the birthplace of modern science. G. E. R. What Lloyd writes " inchoate and Greek science: Arrive from Tailesi Yalishiduode " introduced BC comprehensive and rigorously 6 centuries one BC 4 centuries are Greek the achievement that waits for a lot of respect in maths, philosophy, medicine, astronomy and physics, think Greek by accepted two reasons that are contemporary and scientific birthplace, result from two when Gu Xila studies scientificly basic characteristics: It is inchoate and Greek philosophy and scientific attempt in, the discovery to nature and to deities abandon; 2 it is Gu Xila the point of view that philosopher and scientist offer to differ severally to natural phenomenon and theory, and the reason that has to all sorts of theory is critically and choose. Modern science the fountainhead of the main problem of each course almost OK restrospect to Gu Xila, ancient Greek learned man already developed exploration, suspicion and rational drive to acme, created the miracle of archaic civilization.

Greek building is all artistic research start. Existent building relics reflects the artistic interest that gives Gu Xila's person deeply, the most outstanding building vocabulary -- the pillar in the building, namely Duoliya type, Aiaoniya type and Corinthian -- make Gu Xila structure remained distinctive and immortal charm, affecting the structure style of later generations deeply, almost perforative be in whole Europe in the construction activity 2000. Archaic world only ancient Roman of the person is in Gu Xila's person and imitated later Gu Xila there is so much communal space in the city, square, theater, stadium, gymnasium become a city the essential component in municipal construction program, produced immediate effect to the town planning of contemporary west.

Gu Xila is the birthplace of western politics democracy, this also is Gu Xila the most significant contribution that makes to world culture. Western historiography bound thinks generally, the democratic political power that Athenian city-state of Gu Xila builds 509 years at BC is the major event of the can compare with the French Revolution and American revolution milepost style on world history. "Democratic " ancient Greek of one word traceable, see Yuxiluoduode the earliest " the history " one book, it by " people " and " dominion " two phrase close and become, means people masters power. Of course, democracy of ancient Greek Athens is the democracy on slavery foundation, contain limitation and narrow sex. But, the theory of democracy of ancient Greek Athens and practice, through Western Europe the influence of politics of mediaeval period theology is mixed after intermediary, since be renaissance, the democracy of western country offerred thought and Castaly, for modern western politics system laid a foundation.