什么是广义的文化，什么是狭义的文化？英文双语对照

1 、对文化的结构解剖，有两分说，即分为物质文化和精神文化；有三层次说，即分为物质、制度、精神三层次；有四层次说，即分为物质、制度、风俗习惯、思想与价值。有六大子系统说，即物质、社会关系、精神、艺术、语言符号、风俗习惯等。

　　2 、广义的文化，着眼于人类与一般动物，人类社会与自然界的本质区别，着眼于人类卓立于自然的独特的生存方式，其涵盖面非常广泛，所以又被称为大文化。

　　3 、广义的文化包括四个层次：一是物态文化层，由物化的知识力量构成，是人的物质生产活动及其产品的总和，是可感知的、具有物质实体的文化事物。二是制度文化层，由人类在社会实践中建立的各种社会规范构成。包括社会经济制度婚姻制度、家族制度、政治法律制度、家族、民族、国家、经济、政治、宗教社团、教育、科技、艺术组织等。三是行为文化层，以民风民俗形态出现，见之于日常起居动作之中，具有鲜明的民族、地域特色。四是心态文化层，由人类社会实践和意识活动中经过长期蕴育而形成的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式等构成，是文化的核心部分。

　　4 、心态文化层可细分为社会心理和社会意识形态两个层次。

　　5 、社会心理是人们日常的精神状态和思想面貌，是尚未经过理论加工和艺术升华的流行的大众心态，诸如人们的要求、愿望、情绪等。

　　6 、社会意识形态是指经过系统加工的社会意识，往往经由文化专家的理论归纳、逻辑整理、艺术完善、并以著作、艺术作品等物化形态固定下来并跨时空传播。

　　7 、根据与社会存在关系的疏密程度，可将社会意识形态区分为基层意识形态和高层意识形态，前者包括政治理论、法权观念等，后者包括哲学、文学、艺术、宗教等。

　　8 、基层意识形态与社会存在保持着密切联系，是经济基础的集中体现，但它的产生和发展仍然要经过社会心理这一中间环节起作用；高层意识形态是更高的更远离物质经济基础的意识形态，具有较强的独立性，但它与社会存在之间的中介是社会心理和基层意识形态。

　　9 、狭义的文化排除人类社会-历史生活中关于物质创造活动及其结果的部分，专注于精神创造活动及其结果，主要是心态文化，又称“小文化”。

　　10、1871年，英国文化学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书中提出了狭义文化的早期经典界说，即文化是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体。

The 1, structure to culture is anatomized, have two defend oneself, divide namely for corporeal culture and mental culture; Three administrative levels say, divide namely for three-layer of material, system, spirit second; 4 administrative levels say, divide namely for habit of material, system, custom, thought and value. 6 big subsystem say, namely habit of symbol of material, human relations in society, spirit, artistic, language, custom.

The culture of 2, broad sense, mankind of with a view to and general animal, the essence of human society and nature is distinguished, eminent of mankind of with a view to stands at nature live distinctly means, its cover a range very extensive, be called again so old culture.

The culture of 3, broad sense includes 4 arrangement: It is layer of culture of states of matter, the intellectual power that turns by content is formed, the material that is a person produces the total of activity and its product, it is the appreciable, culture thing that has corporeal substance. 2 it is system culture layer, all sorts of society standards that establish in social practice by the mankind are formed. Include mass organizations of system of socioeconomy system marriage, familial system, political law system, familial, nation, country, economy, politics, religion, education, science and technology, artistic organization to wait. 3 it is behavior culture layer, appear with folkway folk-custom configuration, see at movement of daily daily life in, have distinguishing feature of bright people, terrain. 4 it is layer of culture of state of mind, be carried out by human society and the course in recognizant activity is long-term accumulate Yo and means of formation value sense, aesthetic appeal, thinking form, it is the core part of culture.

Layer of culture of 4, state of mind but fractionize is social psychology and company to know pattern knowingly two administrative levels.

Psychology of 5, society is the psychosis with daily people and thought appearance, it is the popular masses state of mind that has not pass academic treatment and artistic raising of things to a higher level, such as the requirement of people, desire, mood.

6, company knows pattern knowingly is the social consciousness that shows course system is machined, often the academic and Baconian, logic of by culture expert is arranged, artistic and perfect, change configuration to secure with the content such as composing, work of art come down and cross spatio-temporal transmission.

7, basis and the density degree that social existence concerns, can know the company configuration distinguish knowingly for basic level ideological with the high level ideological, former include idea of political theory, right to wait, latter includes philosophy, literature, artistic, religion to wait.

8, basic level is ideological with the society existence is maintaining close tie, the concentration that is economic base is reflected, but its generation and development still should pass social psychology this one link intermediate is effective; The high level is ideological be taller what leave corporeal economy base further is ideological, have stronger independent character, but the intermediary between it and social existence is social psychology and basic level ideological.

The culture of 9, narrow sense eliminates human society - the share that activity and its result create about material in historical life, dedicated create activity and its result at spirit, basically be culture of state of mind, say again " small culture " .

10, 1871, taylor is in British article chemist " primitive culture " the inchoate and classical definition that narrow sense culture offerred in one book, namely culture is to include knowledge, devotional, artistic, morality, law, consuetudinary regard a society as the member with anybody and acquisition capability and the complex whole that are used to inside.