但丁在思想上《神曲》既有鲜明的进步倾向性,又明显地打上了中世纪神学思想的烙印。
在艺术上《神曲》保留着中世纪文学作品的神秘象征特色,又折射出文艺复兴时期现实主义文学的光芒。 阿利盖利·但丁著长诗《神曲》全诗为三部分:《地狱(Inferno)》、《炼狱(Purgatorio)》和《天堂(Paradiso)》,以长诗的形式,叙述了但丁在“人生的中途”所做的一个梦,以此来谴责教会的统治,但仍然未摆脱基督教神学的观点。
在这部长达一万四千余行的史诗中,但丁坚决反对中世纪的蒙昧主义,表达了执着地追求真理的思想,对欧洲后世的诗歌创作有极其深远的影响。
意大利诗人但丁(1265~1321年)是欧洲由中世纪过渡到近代资本主义时期的文学巨匠、意大利文艺复兴的先驱。1265年5月,但丁诞生在意大利佛罗伦萨一个贵族家庭里。他从小喜欢读诗,曾经拜著名学者为师,学过拉丁文和古代文学。
青年时期的但丁还积极参加佛罗伦萨的政治活动,还曾经参加过粉碎基白林党的冈巴地战役。1302年,他因为反对教皇及其在佛罗伦萨的追随者干涉城邦内政,被判没收全部家产,终生放逐。在此后的近二十年里,但丁虽然也作过多次努力想重返故里,但都没有成功,最后客死他乡。
但丁的主要代表作品是诗集《神曲》
从1308年至1321年,但丁用了13年之久的时间完成了旷世之作《神曲》。在诗中他对意大利的历史和未来倾注了无限的留恋和憧憬,批判了现实社会的丑恶和黑暗,表现了他对祖国的热爱和对光明的信心。 《神曲》作为中世纪文学的产物,具有很强的神学和宗教色彩。从这个意义上说,神曲描写的是一个具有象征意义的故事。一个名叫但丁的人物与作者但丁不同穿越地狱、炼狱最后到达天堂见到上帝的经历。诗歌表现出明显的基督教思想,即世人为了获救,必须克服各种诱惑,忏悔自己的过错,以求得上帝的宽容,进入天堂。而那些行恶之人,势必在地狱中受到永恒的惩罚。诗中但丁的旅途象征着人生的坎坷和艰难。“地狱篇”中所描绘的种种惩罚,正是为了提醒世人认识现实的险恶。在人生的旅途上需要有维吉尔那样的贤师指引,更需要有贝阿特而采式的出神寄托。 从《神曲》对人物的描写来看,《神曲》与意大利的现实和历史有着密切的关系,与人生道路的选择有着密切的关系,因而它又具有很强的批判现实和弘扬正义的深刻思想内涵。《神曲》在艺术上的成就无可比拟。其结构严谨,形式和内容达到完美的统一。全诗三卷,每卷三十三篇,加上序共一百篇。三卷分别为“地狱”、“炼狱”和“天堂”三个国度。全诗由三行一组的押韵诗体tercets写成,形式工整匀称,韵律平稳有力。《神曲》形式上“三”的重复,象征了西方基督教传统的“三位合一”的思想,体现了作者对和平、仁爱以及万物有序的理想的追求。
《神曲》是但丁以第一人称的形式描述自己在幽暗的森林中醒来之后,迷失了道路,开始了幻游。在遇到豺、狮、狼三头猛兽之后,惊恐万分,这时,但丁最崇拜的古罗马诗人维吉尔前来搭救。
在维吉尔的帮助下,但丁游历了地狱和炼狱。地狱一共九层,上宽下窄,像一个大漏斗,凡是生前做过坏事的人,不管是教皇还是普通人,都会在地狱中受到惩罚。炼狱中灵魂的罪孽较轻,它漂浮在海上,共分为七层。
历经炼狱之后,维吉尔退去,但丁心中的恋人贝缇丽彩前来迎接他,他进入了天堂乐园。天堂也分为九层,九层之上是人类理想的生活境界,一个充满了爱的地方。
也许但丁当初想借用《神曲》中赎罪的地狱来告戒人们应多行善事吧!可惜的是它没有改变当时的人的心,也没有感动上帝。人类的剥削在继续,社会的堕落在继续。
因果报应依然改变不了人本性中的欲望与贪婪。即使到了现在这样的大都市,也仍然无法改变,人们的贪婪与欲望整驾驭着一切,终有一天就像之前听到过的一句话:贪婪、欲望、懒惰终究会毁灭这个世界。所以收起你们的欲望与贪婪吧!
因为是《但丁密码》,所以内容的主角肯定是淡定。
神曲
全诗梗概
阿利盖利·但丁以第一人称记述自己35岁时(人生的中途)误入一座黑暗的森林(象征罪恶),在一座小山脚下,有三只猛兽拦住去路,一只母狼(象征贪欲),一只狮子(象征野心),一只豹(象征逸乐),又一种说法是说它们分别象征教皇、法国国王和佛罗伦萨人。他在呼救时出现了古罗马诗人维吉尔的灵魂,对他说:“你不能战胜这三只野兽,我指示你另一条路径”。带领他穿过地狱、炼狱,然后把他交给当年阿利盖利·但丁单相思暗恋的情人贝亚德的灵魂,带他游历天堂,一直到见到上帝。
所谓丁达尔效应,就是当光束穿透胶体时,从射入光的垂直方向可以看到一条光亮的通道。平常生活中人们能看到这些丁达尔现象,是因为空气中有灰尘以及PM2.5微小颗粒。一般而言,PM2.5微小颗粒和灰尘越多,丁达尔现象就越为明显。
丁达尔效应实质上是光在胶体中传播时的一种散射现象。之所以会发生这种现象,主要是因为胶体粒子的半径在1~100nm,可见光透过胶体时会产生较为明显的散射作用,而真溶液对光的散射作用则非常微弱
文艺复兴时期,但丁的地位实际上是非常高的,因为他是文艺复兴的开启者之一,他的神曲是文艺复兴非常著名的一部作品。
1、他是一个开拓者
他在文艺复兴的初期可谓是一个开拓者,当时整个欧洲是被天主教所垄断的,神学凌驾于君权之上,社会制度混乱,这就让国家的统治者非常的愤怒,所以才会有了后面的文艺复兴运动,因为这就是一场让人权逐渐确立起来的运动。但丁就是这场运动的开拓者之一,使得文艺复兴能够在当时蓬勃的展开。
2、但丁是一位领导者
但丁是一个非常著名的文学家,他写出来的作品不仅有深度,而且还具有非常大的生动性,很多人都愿意去读他的作品,因为在他的作品中的故事,基督教所流传下来的故事,有着本质上的差别,让人们感觉耳目一新,它不仅仅是各个流派之间的联系人,也是当时文艺复兴运动的领导者之一,正是因为有他的贡献时的文艺复兴运动在当时一直在进步。
主要内容:一天,但丁在森林中迷路,危急之际,罗马诗人维吉尔(V irgilio)受贝雅特里奇(B eatrice)之托付,带领但丁穿过地狱、净界。
这段旅程中,但丁看到了有些罪人在地狱因生前不同之罪过而遭受不同的惩罚,另一些罪人则在净界里努力洗除自己的罪孽,后来贝雅特里奇出现,接替维吉尔的向导地位,在迫使但丁对自己的过失作一番告白后,亲自引导但丁游历天国,但丁最后终于见到上帝。
《神曲》共分三篇:地狱、净界(炼狱)、天堂,每一部分由33章组成,加上最前面的序章,全书共100章。
Dan Ding is on the thought " divine music " have bright ascensive tendentiousness already, made the brand of mediaeval theology thought apparently again.
Artistically " divine music " the mysterious indicative trait that retaining mediaeval literature work, refract a renaissance period again the ray of realistic literature. Dan Ding of · of benefit of A benefit lid writes long poem " divine music " complete poem is 3 parts: " Tartarean (Inferno) " , " purgatorial (Purgatorio) " and " heaven (Paradiso) " , in order to grow poetic form, narrated Dan Ding to be in " the midway of life " a dream that makes, will condemn churchly to dominate with this, but the viewpoint that still did not cast off Christian theology.
What be as long as more than 14000 in this is epic in, dan Ding opposes mediaeval barbaric doctrine stoutly, conveyed the idea that pursues the truth persistently, to the poetry of European later ages creation has extremely far-reaching effect.
Italian poet Dan Ding (1265~1321 year) it is Europe by mediaeval transfer the pioneer of renaissance of the literary great master of recent capitalist period, Italy. In May 1265, dan Ding is born in Sa of Italian Buddha Luo Lun in family of a noble. He likes to read a poem as a child, once did obeisance to distinguished scholar to be division, had learned Latin and archaic literature.
The Dan Ding of young period plays Foluolunsa's politics actively still, once still had attended to smash base the Gangbade of Bai Lin party battle. 1302, because he objects pope reaching its to interfere city-state in Foluolunsa's epigone municipal, be sentenced to confiscate all family property, all one's life banish. In nearly 20 years of after this, although Dan Ding also has made many second effort consider return native place, but did not succeed, ultimate objective dead an alien land.
Dantean basically represents work is peotry anthology " divine music "
Come from 1308 1321, the long time that Dan Ding used 13 years was finished make outstandingly " divine music " . In his to Italy history in the poem and prospective pour into infinite be reluctant to leaving and look forward to, critically of actual society mix filthily dark, behaved his passion to the motherland and the confidence to light. " divine music " the child that serves as mediaeval literature, have very strong theology and religious color. Say from this meaning, of divine music depict is a story that has indicative sense. One is called Dantean character and author Dan Ding to differ pass through purgatorial and Tartarean, final the experience that arrives at heaven to see god. Poetry shows clear Christian idea, namely common people to be rescued, must overcome all sorts of temptation, repent oneself fault, what in an attempt to gets god is good-tempered, enter heaven. And those evil person, certainly will is punished lastingly in hell. The twist of journey of the Dantean in the poem is indicative life and hardship. "Tartarean piece " in a variety of represents penalty, what recognize reality to warn world just about is dangerous. On the journey of life need has Weijier in that way virtuous division is how-to, what need to have Beiate more and adopt form is abstracted place. From " divine music " in light of the depict to the character, " divine music " having close relationship with Italian reality and history, with life viatic the choice is having close relationship, consequently it has very strong critically reality and the deep thought intention that promote justice again. " divine music " the achievement of artistically is incomparable. Its construction is strict, form and content achieve perfect unity. Quan Shisan coils, every 33, increase order in all 100. 3 are respectively " Tartarean " , " purgatorial " and " heaven " 3 country. Complete poem by 3 a group rhyme verse Tercets is written into, form carefully and nearly well-balanced, metrical and smooth strong. " divine music " formally " 3 " repeat, symbolized western christian is traditional " 3 syncretic " thought, reflected the author's orderly to peace, kindheartedness and everythings on earth ideal pursuit.
" divine music " it is Dan Ding after describing oneself to awake in dim forest with the form of the first person, lost way, began unreal to swim. In encounter jackal, lion, wolf after 3 beast of prey, frighten extremely, at this moment, the ancient Rome poet that Dan Ding adores most rescues before Weijier.
Below Weijier's help, dan Ding is itinerary hell and purgatorial. Tartarean altogether 9, go up wide below narrow, resemble a big funnel, always had done the person of evildoing before one's death, no matter be pope or Everyman, can be punished in hell. Purgatorial in incorporeal sin is lighter, it floats in maritime, divide in all it is 7.
After all previous classics is purgatorial, wei Jier retire, the lover Bei Ti in Dan Ding heart receives him before beautiful colour, he entered heaven Eden. Heaven also is divided it is 9, the 9 life states that human ideal is over the layer, one is full of the place of love.
Perhaps Dan Ding wants to use at the outset " divine music " in condonable hell will announce drop people should thing of much do good works! Regrettablly is the heart that it did not change the person at that time, also did not touch god. Of the mankind exploit continueing, of the society degenerate continueing.
Punitive justice still cannot be changed the desire in person nature and greedy. Although arrived now such metropolitan, still also cannot change, of people greedy rectify with the desire controlling everything, a word that pass hears before resembling one day eventually: Greedy, desire, lazy can destroy this world after all. The desire that packs up you so and greedy!
Because be " Dan Ding password " , so the leading role of content is calm for certain.
Divine music
Complete poem gist
A benefit builds benefit · but when one person him record and narrate is 35 Ding Yidi years old (the midway of life) the forest that enters a darkness by accident (indicative injustice) , in hill foot falls, 3 beast of prey block outlet, a bitch (indicative and concupiscent) , a lion (indicative ambition) , a leopard (indicative comfort and pressure) , another kind of view is to say they symbolize respectively king of pope, France and Florentine. He appeared when cry for help the soul of Er of auspicious of dimension of ancient Rome poet, say to him: "You cannot conquer these 3 beasts, I indicate another your route " . Guide him to cross Tartarean, purgatorial, give him next in those days love solely of Dan Ding of · of benefit of A benefit lid is dark the soul of the lover Bei Yade that love, take him itinerary heaven, arrive all the time see god.
Alleged man amounts to Er effect, penetrate when beam of light namely when colloid, from what shoot light perpendicular direction can see a shining passage. The people in everyday life can see these man amount to Er phenomenon, because there is little grain of dirt and PM2.5 in air,be. Generally speaking, PM2.5 little grain and dirt are more, the fourth phenomenon that amount to Er is more apparent.
The fourth effect that amount to Er is smooth essentially the phenomenon of a kind of scattering when the transmission in colloid. Can produce this kind of phenomenon, because the radius of colloid particle is in,basically be 1~100nm, the meeting when visible light passes through colloid produces relatively apparent scattering effect, and true solution is very faint to action of scattering of light
Renaissance period, dantean position is very tall actually, because he is the open of renaissance person one of, his divine music is a work with very famous renaissance.
1, he is a trailblazer
His earlier it may be said in renaissance is a trailblazer, whole at that time Europe is by Catholic place forestall, theology overrides on monarchical power, regime disorder, this annoys exceedingly with respect to the ruler that allows a country, so ability can have the renaissance campaign from the back, because this is,one allows rights of man gradually the motion that establish rises. Dan Ding is one of trailblazer of this motion, make renaissance can be in at that time flourishingly spread out.
2, Dan Ding is a leader
Dan Ding is a very well-known writer, he draws up the work that come has depth not only, and still have very big vivid sex, a lot of people are willing to read his work, because of the story in his work, christian place spreads the story that hand down, having substantially difference, let people sense find everything new and fresh, it is the contact between each genre not just, also be at that time one of leaders that renaissance moves, because have the renaissance campaign when his contribution,be in all the time at that time just about progress.
Main content: A day, dan Ding is stray in the forest, critical during, er of auspicious of Roman poet dimension (V Irgilio) suffer Beiyateliji (B Eatrice) entrust, guide Dan Ding to cross Tartarean, limbo.
This paragraph itinerary in, dan Ding saw some malefactor are in Tartarean the fault because of differring before one's death and suffer different penalty, another some of malefactor washs the sin that divides his hard in limbo, beiyateliji appears later, replace guide position of Weijier, after forcing Dan Ding to make confess one time to his error, guide Dan Ding personally itinerary and celestial, dan Ding sees god eventually.
" divine music " divide in all piece: Tartarean, limbo (purgatorial) , heaven, each part is comprised by 33 chapters, impose the order rule of foremost face, whole book in all 100 chapters.