中国最基本常识？英文双语对照

1、 已知的在中国境内生活的最古老的原始人类是“元谋猿人”。在中国云南省元谋盆地发现的两

颗古人类牙齿化石，经科学鉴定，距今约有70多万年了。

　　2、 约70～20万年前，“北京猿人”（简称“北京人”），生活在北京周口店龙骨山的洞穴里。

　　3、 北京人已经知道使用天然火。人类第一次取得了支配一种自然力的能力。

　　4、 到了大约 18000年前，仍然在北京周口店龙骨山里，生活着一批被称作“山顶洞人”的远古人

类。他们已经具有明显的黄种人的体态特征。

　　5、 山顶洞人不仅会人工取火，而且制造出了中国缝制工艺史上的第一枚骨针，骨针约同火柴棍般

粗细，长82毫米。

　　6、 距今六七千年前，中国出现了古老的彩陶文化和黑陶文化。

　　7、 陕西西安半坡文化的彩陶，十分精美。人面网纹盆上各种纹饰，是原始美术、原始文字和原始

艺术的结晶。

　　8、 山东龙山文化的黑陶，乌黑光亮，有着金属器皿一样的光泽。

　　9、 长江流域的浙江省余姚市河姆渡文化，与黄河流域的半坡文化同样古老，7000年前那里的人们

已经会用大型木构件建筑房屋。

　　10、约公元前3000年前新石器时代，出现一位最早的天才人物叫伏曦氏（又叫包牺氏或庖牺氏），

根据天象地理变化规律，制出八卦，造书契，并教导人民进行佃作、畜牧、渔狩，且有“味百药而制九

针”传说，被誉为中华民族“人文始祖”。

　　11、约仰韶文化时期，出现一位炎帝神农氏，是农耕、医药、乐器及市场交易的创始者，且有“遍

尝百草”美德誉传后世。当今常习惯将其与后来的黄帝并称为中华文化始祖。

　　12、大约2000多年前，发生了一些部落战争。轩辕氏是北方部落中一位聪明勇敢的首领，因为深得

人心，取得了最后胜利，取代“炎帝”帝位，称为“黄帝”。

　　13、在古老的华夏族逐渐形成的过程中，黄帝发挥了重要的作用，黄帝也就被后世尊为华夏族（即

中华民族前身）的“人文初祖”。

　　14、继黄帝之后，中华民族先后又出现几位杰出人物：尧、舜、禹。尧禅位于舜，舜禅位于禹（禅

位：即传让自己的帝位）。

　　15、尧舜禹时代，洪水泛滥成灾。大禹奉命代替父亲鲧治水，三过家门而不入，终于治服了洪水。

　　16、后来，禹的儿子启继承了王位，建立了第一个奴隶制王朝夏朝（约公元前22世纪～公元前17世

纪）。

　　17、相传在4000多年前的夏朝，就开始有了历法，所以人们都把中国古老的传统历法叫“夏历”。

　　18、夏历是按月亮的运行周期制订的，又叫阴历。由于历法中有节气变化和农事安排，所以又称农

历。

　　19、夏朝最后一个统治者桀，暴虐无道。东方的商部落，在汤的领导下强大起来，打败了夏建立商

朝（约公元前17世纪初——公元前11世纪）。

　　20、商朝的青铜器制造业有很大的发展。商朝后期制造的“司母戊大方鼎” 重达875公斤，是迄今

为止发现的世界上最大的出土青铜器。

　　21、商代的甲骨文是刻在龟甲兽骨上的一种古代文字，已经是相当成熟的文字了。在殷墟出土的15

万片刻有文字的甲骨中，总字数达到160多万字，其中有单字4600多个，已识别的有1000多个。

　　22、商代末期，在黄土高原上，一个叫“周”的部落强盛起来。到周文王时，周国成了西方诸侯的

新盟主。

　　23、商朝最后的统治者纣王，骄奢淫逸，残暴无道。约公元前1046年，周文王之子周武王联合其他

部落讨伐商朝，经过牧野之战，推翻了商朝，建立周朝，定都镐京。

　　24、周朝建立后，施行“分封亲戚，以藩屏周”政策，分封了大大小小71个小国，有鲁、齐、魏、

晋、宋、燕等。这些小国的国君被称作诸侯。

　　25、公元前841年，周朝出现共和行政。共和元年，公认为中国最准确的历史纪年时间。

　　26、西周前期 180多年，中原一带产生许多大型乐舞。祭祀山川时用的是表现大禹治水的《大夏》

舞，纪念武王伐纣功绩的武舞是《大武》舞。

　　27、至公元前771年，宣王之子周幽王被犬戎人谋杀于骊山之下。公元前770年，幽王太子宣臼，即

周平王，将都城由东迁于洛邑，史称为“东周”。东周分为“春秋”、“战国”两个时期。

　　28、春秋时期，100多个诸侯国林立，相互征讨，胜者成为霸主，出现 “春秋五霸”，即齐桓公、

晋文公、秦穆公、宋襄公、楚庄王。

　　29、公元前 606年，楚庄王现兵周疆，“问鼎大小轻重”。鼎是王权象征，传说大禹铸了九个鼎，

代表九州。楚庄王问鼎，表明他有做天子的野心。

　　30、春秋中后期，吴越两国交恶。先是吴王阖庐战败受伤而死。其子吴王夫差立志报仇，让人每天

高声提醒他：“夫差，你忘了杀父之仇了么？”后来，吴国在夫差的领导下打败了越国。

　　31、越王勾践决心雪耻。他“卧薪尝胆”，每天高声自问：“勾践，你忘了亡国的耻辱么？”越国

经过十年生聚，十年教训，再次打败吴国，吴王夫差自杀。

　　32、约2500年前，中国出了位伟大的思想家老子。老子是道家学派的创始人。他的遗作《道德经》

又名《老子》，书里有句明言：“祸兮福所倚，福兮祸所伏。”就是说：祸有时会成为福的因由，福中

有时藏伏着祸。并提醒人们“物极必反”，注意“道”“德”相长。这是典型的传统辨证思想。

　　33、生活于公元前551~前479年的孔子是一位大思想家、大教育家，是儒家学派的创始人。

　　34、孔子最早在中国兴办私学，他有弟子三千人，贤者七十二人。

　　35、孔子为中国古代文化发展作出了不朽贡献，他整理编订的《易》《诗》《礼》《乐》《尚书》

《春秋》六部古代经典，被称作“六经”。

　　36、孔子享年73岁，死后葬在鲁国都城北边(今山东曲阜孔林处)。孔子故居后来改建为“孔庙”。

　　37、孔子的学生们追忆孔子日常教诲和生活行为，整理成一部语录体书，称作《论语》，这部书成

为儒家的经典，对后世有很大影响，其中许多著名章句仍被现代人使用着。

　　38、孙武，是春秋未期一位杰出军事家，有著名的兵书《孙子兵法》十三篇传世，是举世公认的现

存最早的战略学著作。

　　39、《孙子兵法》中，提出了著名的“知彼知己者，百战不殆”“攻其不备，出其不意”“兵无常

势，水无常形”等军事思想和原则。并以“不战而屈人之兵”，为军事制胜的最高境界。

　　40、《孙子兵法》被称为“兵学圣典”，对后世影响极大，并享誉海内外。其精辟战略战术思想，

常并被广泛应用于政治、外交、商战、体育等各个领域之中。

这是一部分。。参考文献 ： http://www.ziyexing.com/files-7/history/history_inf_01_a.htm

1, the foregone the oldest hominid that lives in Chinese churchyard is " yuan seek pithecanthrope " . Save in Chinese Yunnan yuan 2 what seek basin discovery

Fossil of ancient mankind tooth, via scientific appraisal, be apart from have 70 many years about today.

2, before making an appointment with 70 ～ 200 thousand years, "Beijing pithecanthrope " (abbreviation " Peking Man " ) , live in the burrow of hill of keel of inn of Beijing week mouth.

3, Peking Man has known to use natural internal heat. Human first time acquired the capacity that controls a kind of od.

4, arrived about before 18000, still be in hill of keel of inn of Beijing week mouth, the life wears a batch to be called " summit hole person " ancient person

Kind. They had had the posture feature of person of apparent the yellow race.

5, summit hole person can take internal heat artificially not only, and make gave Chinese tailor the first spicula on craft history, spicula is the same as match rod about kind

Degree of finish, grow 82 millimeter.

6, be apart from today 669 years ago, china appeared old Painted-Pottery Culture and black pottery culture.

7, the ancient painted pottery that cc of short for Shaanxi Province installs half slope culture, very elegant. All sorts of grain on basin of person face reticulation are acted the role of, it is primitive art, original character is mixed primitive

Artistic crystallization.

8, the black pottery of Shandong the Longshan Culture, dark black light is bright, having the burnish like metalware.

9, the Zhejiang of catchment of the Yangtse River saves Mu of river of city of more than Yao to cross culture, the half slope culture with the Huanghe valley is likewise old, the over there people before 7000

Can have built a house with large wood component.

10, make an appointment with BC the The Neo-lithic Age before 3000, appear a the earliest talent character calls Fu Xi the family name (call packet of sacrifice the family name again or cook sacrifice family name) ,

According to rule of change of astronomical phenomena geography, make a the Eight Diagrams, make book contract, teach people to undertake rent land is made, pasturage, fishing huntings, and have " flavour 100 medicine and make 9

Needle " fabulous, be known as the Chinese nation " humanitarian first ancestor " .

11, make an appointment with Yangshao culture period, appear god of a phlogistic emperor farming family name, be farming the introducer that agrarian, medicine, musical instrument and market trade, and have "

Taste 100 grass " goodness praise pass later ages. Often be used to now call its and the Huang Di later China culture first ancestor.

12, about 2000 old before, produced a few tribal battles. Xuan Yuan is a clever and brave chieftain in northward tribe, because be gotten greatly

Popular feeling, gained last victory, replace " phlogistic emperor " purple, call " Huang Di " .

13, in old an ancient name for China a group of things with common features in the process that fashions gradually, huang Di produced main effect, huang Di also by later ages honour it is a group of things with common features of an ancient name for China (namely

Predecessor of the Chinese nation) " humanitarian first ancestor " .

14, after afterwards Huangdi, the Chinese nation appears again early or late a few worthy: Monarch Yao, Shun, the reputed founder of the Ix Dynasty. Monarch Yao buddhist is located in Shun, shun buddhist is located in the reputed founder of the Ix Dynasty (buddhist

: Pass the purple that lets oneself namely) .

15, times of the reputed founder of the Ix Dynasty of Yao and Shun, the flood overruns. Big the reputed founder of the Ix Dynasty acts under orders to replace father Gun prevent floods by water control, 3 live a door and do not enter, treat eventually took the flood.

16, later, the son of the reputed founder of the Ix Dynasty is opened acceded kingship, built day of summer of dynasty of the first slavery (make an appointment with BC BC of 22 centuries ～ 17 worlds

Discipline) .

17, according to legend is in the 4000 many summer day year ago, began to have calendar, so people cries China's old traditional calendar " the traditional Chinese calendar " .

18, the traditional Chinese calendar is the formulate of cycle of run that presses a moon, cry again lunar. Because there are solar term change and agronomic arrangement in calendar, say again so farming

All previous.

19, Xia Chao is the last gubernatorial the name of the last ruler of the Xia Dynasty, violence is not had. Oriental business is tribal, rise formidably below the leader of soup, beat Xia Jianli dealer

Face (make an appointment with BC at the beginning of 17 centuries -- BC 11 centuries) .

20, the bronze ware manufacturing industry of business day has very great progress. Business day later period makes " experting vessel of department mother the fifth of the ten Heavenly Stem " heft 875 kilograms, it is heretofore

The biggest on the world that discovers till come up out of land bronze ware.

21, the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty with acting business is the character of a kind of ancient time that is engraved on turtleback animal bone, had been quite full-blown written language.

In the armour character that 10 thousand moment have a character, total word number achieves 160 much words, have individual character among them 4600 many, already identified have 1000 many.

22, business acting evening, on loess plateau, one cries " " tribal and powerful and prosperous rise. Arrive when week article king, week country became the west vassal

New the leader of an alliance.

23, the king of gubernatorial name of the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty reputedly a tyrant with business last day, extravagant and dissipated, atrocious do not have. Make an appointment with BC 1046, of week article king child combination of week fierce king is other

Day of tribal and expeditionary business, pass Mu Ye's fight, toppled business government, build Zhou Chao, beijing of pick of choose a site for the capital.

24, after Zhou Chaojian stands, apply " cent seals kin, with hedge screen week " policy, cent was sealed greatly small 71 Xiaoguo, have rash, neat, the Kingdom of Wei,

Advance, the Song Dynasty, swallow. These Xiaoguo's monarch are called vassal.

25, BC 841 years, administration of week day occurrence republican. Republic the first year of an era or the reign of an emperor, fair the time of historical a way of counting the years that thinks China is the most accurate.

26, early days of the Western Zhou Dynasty 180 old, central Plains takes generation to make much larger happy dance.

Dance, the Wu Wu that marks contribution of name of the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty reputedly a tyrant of fierce king cut down is " great connecting with the boxing skill " dance.

27, to BC 771 years, of announce king child Zhou Youwang is armied by the dog the person murders Yu Li under hill. BC 770 years, joint of bones of announce of prince of deep and remote king, namely

Zhou Ping king, capital by east change Yu Luoyi, history call " the Eastern Zhou Dynasty " . Cent of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is " age " , " the Warring States " two period.

28, year period, 100 many vassal countries are bristly, mutual go on a punitive expedition, the winner becomes an overlord, appear " age 5 bully " , namely Qi Huan is fair,

Jin Wen Mu Gong of fair, the Qin Dynasty, Song Xiang king of village of fair, Hunan.

29, BC 606 years, hunan village king shows arms Zhou Jiang, "Weight of size asking a vessel " . The vessel is crown symbolizes, fabulous big Yu Zhu nine vessel,

Represent a poetic name of China. Hunan village king asks a vessel, show he has the ambition that becomes the emperor.

30, the later period in age, become enemies of Wu Yue two countries. It is Wu Wang entires to cottage be defeated gets hurt and die first. Its child Wu Wangfu differs aspire to revenge, let a person everyday

Remind him loudly: "The husband is poor, did you forget to kill the enemy of father? " later, sufferred a defeat to jump over a country below the leader that Wu Guo needs in the husband.

31, jump over king Gou Jian to be determined to avenge an insult. He " undergo self-imposed hardships so as to strengthen one's resolve to do sth " , everyday loudly ask oneself: "Gou Jian, did you forget the disgrace of a conquered nation? " jump over a country

Get together through be born 10 years, teach a lesson 10 years, defeat Wu Guo again, wu Wangfu differs the suicide.

32, make an appointment with before 2500, china gave a great ideologist father. Father is the author of Taoist school school. His posthumous work " moral classics "

Renown " father " , have in the book sentence professed: "Disaster blessing place leans, dog days of institute of Fu Xi disaster. " that is to say: Disaster can become the cause of blessing sometimes, in blessing

Hide volt to wear sometimes disaster. Remind people " Things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme. " , notice " path " " heart " long. This is thought of typical traditional differentiate card.

33, Confucius of before living at BC 551~ 479 years is a big ideologist, big educationist, it is the author of Confucianist school.

34, Confucius learns the earliest in Chinese initiate illicit, he has child 3000 people, virtuous person 72 people.

35, Confucius made immortal contribution for development of culture of Chinese ancient time, he is arranged compile " easy " " poem " " ceremony " " happy " " a high official in ancient China "

" age " ancient time of the six ministries in feudal China is classical, be called " 6 classics " .

36, Confucius die at the age of is 73 years old, the bury after dying is in northern part of rash capital city (today Kong Lin of Shandong Qu Fu is in) . Confucius former residence rebuilds later for " Confucian temple " .

37, the students of Confucius recall Confucius teachings daily and life behavior, arrange book of system of a quotation, call " the analects of confucius " , this book is become

Those who be the Confucianist is classical, have very big effect to later ages, among them a lot of famous chapters still are being used by modern.

38, Sun Wu, it is age not period a crackajack militarist, have famous a book on the art of war " grandchildren strategics " 13 be handed down from ancient times, it is all over the world shows acceptedly

Keep book of the earliest science of strategy.

39, " grandchildren strategics " in, put forward famous " the person that tell those bosom friend, 100 battle do not danger " " strike where the enemy is unprepared, do with sb unconscious " " soldiers is fugitive

Situation, water is fugacious form " wait for martial thought and principle. And with " not battle and Qu Renzhi arms " , for the highest state of martial get the upper hand of.

40, " grandchildren strategics " be called " strategics canon " , great to later ages influence, be famous in global. Its are incisive strategic tactics thought,

Often be applied extensively at each domains such as war of politics, diplomacy, trade, sports in.

This is one part. . Bibliographical reference: Http://www.ziyexing.com/files-7/history/history_inf_01_a.htm