彝族民俗文化？英文双语对照

彝族史称“乌蛮”、‘“罗罗”、“倮倮”，有诺苏泼、聂苏泼、倮倮泼、香堂、蒙化等自称。彝族的节日以农历六月二十四的“火把节”最为隆重。

彝族有着大分散、小聚居的生活特点，所以各地的彝族住宅不很相同。但屋内大多设一个火塘，塘火终年不熄，除用于取暖、照明、炖煮或烘烤食物外，亦是聚友会客的中心。火塘的锅庄石或三脚架，不能用脚去踩，严禁往火塘里吐唾沫。烧烤不洁之物，并禁忌在火塘边裸露身体。

在长幼、男女、主客之间，彝族有严格的礼俗。途遇长辈，晚辈须待立一侧，让长者先行;长辈入室须让其上座，余再依次而坐;吃饭时，长辈坐上方(习称“上席”)，下辈依次坐两旁和下方，并侍候长辈，为其添饭、夹菜、泡汤。不能摸成年人和老人的头。

民俗

兄弟可与嫂嫂开玩笑，但兄长不能与弟媳开玩笑。客人入室让上座，主人坐在客人左边，小辈坐在客人对面。禁穿草鞋上火炕床;上楼要脱掉鞋子;禁裸体、半裸体成年人入家门;不能用脚踩门槛，或坐在门槛上;不能用筷子敲桌子和碗;禁在家中吹口哨、唱山歌、说粗话;妇女的衣裤不能晾晒在过路的地方和蜂窝旁边;禁止面对着太阳大小便。

节庆

清晨，同姓家族聚于长者家祭祀祖宗，晚上共同在平坦的地方燃起篝火欢歌欢舞，此乃青年男女谈情说爱的良机。之后，各户持火把燎烤庭院、房屋四周、田头地角、果木树旁，不断将炒过的枯松木香面撒在火把上，发出爆鸣声并散发清香味，以“灭灾驱鬼”。大多节日与汉族相同，但在除夕晚上要“吃黑饭”，初一至初三不做农活，三天所用之物必须在除夕前准备好，吃饭越晚，准备的东西越多，说明来年生活越幸福。春节期间，青年喜欢进行丢包、打陀螺、荡秋千、打磨担秋等娱乐活动。

婚俗

彝族婚姻基本是一夫一妻制。一般在本民族内通婚，但也不禁止与其他族通婚，姑表优先婚配。青年男女可自由恋爱，但结婚必须得到父母同意，需经说媒、吃“合意酒”、“订婚酒”等过程。迎亲时，男家事先用锥栗树枝和青树叶搭“青棚”，迎接新娘进门后，即在“青棚”下设宴招待宾客。第二天为正席，亲戚朋友以鸡、肉、酒、蛋、米祝贺。第三天为新娘和新郎回门日，女家请亲朋好友吃“团圆饭”。《中华人民共和国婚姻法》实施后，姑表优婚已杜绝，现多为自由恋爱结婚。

建筑

彝族村寨多为彝族聚居的大村寨。解放前，房屋多为土木结构的茅草房或闪片房。有门无窗，习惯于“黑房亮灶”。忌讳向北开门，无论房门、灶门和厩门都不向北方。中华人民共和国成立以后，逐步建起有楼有厦的土木结构的瓦房，有部分建了砖木结构的瓦房。

服饰

彝族男女喜用自织自染的土布做衣服。男子头缠青布包头，内衬白衣，外套青色对襟领褂，下着宽腰大裤脚裤。中青年妇女皆穿深蓝色土布包头，上衣为蓝色短面襟，背襟比面襟长，圆领上镶有五种颜色的条形花纹，手袖有三色花纹的镶边；青年妇女青布包头配有头箍，佩带有众多银泡的银制项链，上衣为各色姊妹装，圆领上镶不同颜色的花边，系围腰并镶蓝色花纹。中华人民共和国成立以后，传统服饰逐步减少，服装多与汉族相同，青年一代则穿流行服装。

礼仪

彝族是一个文武并重，讲究文明礼貌的民族。长幼之间，谁长谁幼，谁大谁小，不仅论年龄，还依据父家谱蝶或母系谱蝶的长晚来定，不许喊错。在特殊的公共场合里，就坐排位要以辈数大小排列，长辈在场时发言不准抢先。彝族有“客人长主三百岁”之俗话，凡有客人来，必须让位于最上方，至少也要烟茶相待。

民间素有“打羊”、“打牛”迎宾待客之习。凡有客至，必杀牲待客，并根据来客的身份、亲疏程度分别以牛、羊、猪、鸡等相待。在杀牲之前，要把活牲牵到客前，请客人过目后宰杀，以表示对客人的敬重。酒是敬客的见面礼，在凉山只要客人进屋，主人必先以酒敬客，然后再制作各种菜肴。待客的饭菜以猪膘肥厚大为体面，吃饭中间，主妇要时时关注客人碗里的饭，未待客人吃光就要随时加添，以表示待客的至诚。吃饭时，长辈坐上方，下辈依次围坐在两旁和下方，并为长辈添饭、夹菜、泡汤。

禁忌

忌戏耍动头；忌在众人中放响屁，说脏话；忌夜间吹哨； 忌拿灵长类动物肉时屋，也忌食其肉（熊、狗、猴、猫等）； 不论男女，忌跨火塘；忌婚丧嫁娶宰杀山羊；忌以苦篙杆做筷子及打人；火烧荞麦粑粑从火塘里拿出时，忌马上翻动及用棍棒穿通；忌把锄头和斧子放在一起；忌在屋内将锄或斧子扛于肩上；忌在家中火塘里烧刺奶包树和马桑树；忌异根恋抱的树。

History of the Yi nationality says " Wu Man " , ' " Luo Luo " , " Luo Luo " , have Nuo revive spill, Nie Su is spilled, Luo Luo is spilled, sweet hall, unconscious change etc profess. The festival of the Yi nationality with the traditional Chinese calendar June of 24 " link division " most grand.

The Yi nationality is having the life characteristic of big dispersive, small live in a compact community, the dwelling of the Yi nationality of each district is very not so identical. But pool of a fire is set mostly inside house, pond fire all the year round not extinguish, except use at warming oneself, illume, stew boil or outside roast food, also be to get together the center that friend receives a visitor. The boiler village stone of igneous pond or tripod, cannot walk with the foot, forbidden the gob in past fire pond. The content with feculent barbecue, no-no it is by the side of igneous pond nude body.

Growing young, men and women, advocate between the guest, the Yi nationality has strict etiquette and custom. Road meets elder member of family, junior must be waited for establish a side, let elder of; of better go ahead of the rest let its seat of honour into room beard, beyond again ordinal and sit when; has a meal, elder sits upper part (be used to says " on banquet " ) , offspring is ordinal sit both sides and lower part, and lackey elder, add boiling water of dish of meal, clip, bubble for its. Cannot touch the head of adult and old person.

Folk-custom

Brother can joke with elder brother's wife, but the elder brother cannot joke with sister-in-law. The guest is entered room let seat of honour, host sits in guest left, junior sits opposite the guest. Ban wear; of bed of kang of sandals get angry to go upstairs should take off shoe; to ban naked, half naked adult to cannot use a foot to step on a doorsill into door; , or sit in the; on the doorsill to cannot knock table and bowl; to ban with the chopstick whistle in the home, sing the folk song, garment pants that says woman of vulgar language; cannot air is basked in by the place of pass by and beehive; prohibits facing sun relieve oneself.

The section is celebrated

Early morning, of the same surname is familial get together at better home sacred ancestor, light joyous dance of bonfire joyous song in even place jointly in the evening, this is the good chance that young men and women falls in love. Later, each hold firebrand burn to bake court, building all around, by tree of part of cropland head land, fruit tree, scatter sweet face of parched withered deal on firebrand ceaselessly, give out fulminatory sound and send out faint scent flavour, with " destroy calamity drive ghost " . Big much red-letter day and the Han nationality are identical, but want in the evening in the New Year's Eve " eat black meal " , come first first 3 do not do farm work, 3 days of uses thing must get ready before the New Year's Eve, have a meal later, preparative thing is more, explain life of the coming year jumps over happiness. During the Spring Festival, the youth likes to undertake losing a bag, dozen top, swing swing, burnish to carry autumn wait for recreational activities.

Marriage common

Marriage of the Yi nationality is basic it is a monogamy. It is commonly inside this nation intermarriage, but also do not prohibit rather he a group of things with common features intermarriage, the relationship between the children of a brother and a sister is preferential marry. Young men and women but free love, but marry must get parents agrees, need classics act as a matchmaker, eat " acceptability wine " , " be engaged wine " wait for a process. Greet when kissing, the bridegroom's or husband's family cultivates branch He Qingshu with chinquapin beforehand the leaf is built " green canopy " , after receiving a bride to take the door, be in namely " green canopy " next fete receive visitor. It is the following day banquet, kin friend is congratulated with chicken, flesh, wine, egg, rice. The 3rd day winds door day for bride and bridegroom, the bride's side asks close friends to eat " reunion meal " . " marriage law of People's Republic of China " after carrying out, marriage of actor of the relationship between the children of a brother and a sister already was put an end to, marry for free love more now.

Building

Village of the Yi nationality is the old village of inhabit a region of the Yi nationality more. Before liberating, the cogongrass thatched cottage that the building is building construction more or show a house. The door does not have a window, be used to " kitchen of black Fang Liang " . Abstain from open the door north, no matter door of door, kitchen and stable door are not northwardly. After People's Republic of China holds water, build the tile-roofed house that has the earthy timber structure that the building has a tall building stage by stage, have the tile-roofed house that built bricky timber structure partly.

Dress

Happy event of male and female uses the Yi nationality to knit the hand-woven cloth that catchs oneself to make the clothing oneself. Man head pesters black cloth Baotou, liner white garment, coat cyan a kind of Chinese-style jacket with buttons down the front gets A Chinese-style unlined garment, issueing pants of wide waist old trouser legs. Young woman all wears Baotou of blue-black hand-woven cloth in, jacket is front of a garment of blue short range, back front of a garment is longer than face front of a garment, the circle is gotten set those who have 5 kinds of color a contrast figure, hand sleeve has trichromatic the edge of decorative pattern; Baotou of young woman black cloth deserves to have head band, admire contains the silver of numerous silver bubble to make necklace, jacket is outfit of sister of of all kinds, the circle is gotten those who set different color is lacy, the department surrounds a waist and set blue decorative pattern. After People's Republic of China holds water, traditional dress decreases stage by stage, dress is much as identical as the Han nationality, young generation wears popular dress.

Formal

The Yi nationality is a civil and military pays equal attention to, pay attention to the nation of civilized courtesy. Long young between, who does grow young, who is big who is small, consider the age not only, return basis father family tree butterfly or mother those who fasten chart butterfly is long come late calm, must not call a fault. In special communal situation, sit row should arrange with generation number size, the speech when elder is attendant forbids first. The Yi nationality has " the guest is long advocate 300 years old " common saying, every has a guest to come, must give place to most upper part, also want smoke tea photograph to wait for at least.

Civilian element has " hit a sheep " , " hit an ox " the review that receives guest to entertain a guest. Every has a guest to come, kill animal sacrifice to entertain a guest surely, part to be waited for with the photograph such as ox, sheep, pig, chicken according to the identity of guest, close scanty degree. Before killing domestic animal, want to involve vivid animal sacrifice to the front of the guest, ask the butcher after guest look over, in order to show pair of visitors respect. Wine is Jing Ke meet ceremony, want a guest to enter room only in cool hill, host respects a settle or live in a strange place with wine first surely, make all sorts of cooked food again next. The meal that entertain a guest with pig fat fleshy greatly creditable, have a meal among, housewife should pay close attention to the meal in guest bowl constantly, did not wait for guest dispose of to be about to be added at any time add, with expressing the complete sincerity that entertain a guest. When having a meal, elder sits upper part, offspring is ordinal surround sit in both sides and lower part, add boiling water of dish of meal, clip, bubble for elder.

No-no

Avoid dally uses a head; Avoid puts noisy fart in everybody, say bad word; Avoid is nightly blow whistle; Avoid takes the room when primate flesh, also diet its flesh (ursine, dog, monkey, cat) ; No matter men and women, avoid crosses igneous pond; Goat of butcher of espouse of avoid marriage funeral; Avoid lays a person with sufferring from punt-pole lever to do a chopstick to reach; Cake of cake of buckwheat of baked wheaten cake is taken out from igneous pond when, avoid flips through immediately reach with bludgeon break-through; Avoid puts hoe and ax together; Avoid is inside house will v hoe or ax is carried on the shoulder; Avoid burns thorn to suckle mulberry of Bao Shuhe horse in pond of home medium baking temperature; Avoid different root loves the tree that hug.