主观辩证法四对辩证思维方法？英文双语对照

1.归纳和演绎

归纳:从个别到一般。即从个别中归纳出一般原理。

演绎:从一般到个别的方法。即从一般原理推理出个别结论。

关系:个性和共性;特殊和普遍。归纳和演绎是两种方向相反的两种思维方式，两者互相依赖、互相渗透、互相促进。

归纳是演绎的基础，作为演绎的一般原理往往是归纳出来的；

演绎是归纳的前提，为归纳提供了理论指导。

归纳虽然能够概括出同类事物的共性，但不能区分出本质属性和非本质属性，所以结论还不是十分可靠的，要用演绎来补充。

演绎所依据的前提是事物的共性，但共性只是大致包含个性，个性也不能完全进入共性，从共性出发不能揭示个性的多方面属性，可见，归纳和演绎都具有局限性。

2.分析和综合

分析：在思维的过程中把认识的对象分为不同的组成部分、方面、特性等，对它们分别进行研究，认识事物的各个方面，从中找出基础、本质。

综合：把分解出来的不同部分、方面按照客观的次序，结构组成一个整体，从而达到对事物整体的认识。

关系：整体与部分、系统与要素的关系。分析与综合是方向相反的两种思维方式，互相联系、互相转化、互相促进。分析是综合的基础，没有分析就没有综合。综合是分析的成果，离开综合就没有科学的分析。

3.抽象与具体

是辩证思维的高级形式。

抽象：对客观事物某一方面本质的概括或规定。

具体分为感性具体和理性具体。

感性具体：感觉器官直接感受到的具体。

理性具体：在感性具体的基础上经过思维的分析与综合，达到对事物的多方面属性或本质的把握。

认识的过程：感性具体—抽象—理性具体。最重要的是抽象—理性具体。以抽象为逻辑起点，通过各种逻辑中介，达到以思维（理性）具体为逻辑终点的运行过程。

4.逻辑与历史

逻辑：理性思维或抽象思维。以理论的形态反映客观事物的规律性。

历史：有两层含义：

1、客观现实的历史发展过程。

2、人类认识的历史发展过程。

真正科学的认识是现实历史发展的反映，要求思维的逻辑与历史的进程相一致。

关系：历史是逻辑的基础和内容，逻辑是历史在理论上的再现。

辨证思维方法渗透到现代科学技术的研究之中，离开辩证思维方法科学技术就寸步难行。

辩证思维方法是实现经验知识向科学理论转化的必要工具，是沟通跨学科研究的必要桥梁。

辩证思维方法为科学创新提供了理论支撑和动力。

现代科学技术突飞猛进使哲学思维与科学思维的结合日见重要。

1. induces and deduce

Baconian: ? Does carbuncle graupel Lu uncover a word scrupulously and respectfully does ＜ achieve  of word of sanded left-eyed flounder of Bin of discharge of carbuncle graupel sandpiper tending or guard a gate to rancor?

Deduce: ? Does ＜ of ā of any of several hot spice plants of Mu of Lu of graupel of reef of right word astounded achieve Qiao of right word  tending or guard a gate to judge crowded mansion of lofty of gum graupel a mythical bird like the phoenix?

Relation: ? ? of incomplete of protruding of triangular bream courtyard is special and general. Induce and be being deduced is the way of two kinds of thinking with two kinds of opposite way, both interdepend, mutual permeate, promote each other.

Inducing is deductive foundation, regarding deductive as general principle often is Baconian come out;

Deducing is Baconian premise, provided academic guidance to induce.

Although can generalize the general character that gives congener thing,induce, but cannot distinguish a substaintial attribute and blame essence attribute, so conclusion still is not very reliable, should use deduce complement.

The premise that deduces a basis is the general character of the thing, but general character just includes individual character roughly, individual character also cannot enter general character completely, set out from general character cannot announce the many sided attribute of individual character, visible, induce and deduce have limitation.

2. is analysed and integrated

Analysis: In the understanding object in the process of thinking cent is different component, respect, character to wait, undertake study respectively to them, know each sides of the thing, find out foundation, essence from which.

Integrated: Recount the different share that come out, aspect according to objective order, the structure forms a whole, reach the understanding of pair of thing whole thereby.

Relation: The relation of whole and part, system and element. Analysis and integrated it is the way of two kinds of thinking with opposite way, mutual connection, change each other, promote each other. The analysis is integrated foundation, do not have without the analysis integrated. Integrated the achievement that is an analysis, leave to do not have scientific analysis integratedly.

3. abstraction and specific

It is the advanced form of adj thinking.

Abstract: To external object some the respect is generalized constitutionally or set.

Particular branch is sensibility specific with reason specific.

Perceptual and specific: What sensory immediate sense gets is specific.

Reason is specific: The analysis that passes thinking on perceptual and specific foundation and integrated, achieve the many sided attribute to the thing or substaintial assurance.

The process of understanding: Perceptual and specific, abstract, reason is specific. The most important is abstract, reason is specific. It is logistic start with abstraction, pass all sorts of logistic intermediary, achieve with thinking (reason) specific the moving process that is logistic terminus.

4. logic and history

Logistic: Rational thought or abstract thinking. Mirror the regularity of external object with academic configuration.

The history: Have two meanings:

1, the history of objective reality develops a process.

2, the history that the mankind knows develops a process.

Truly scientific knowledge is the report that actual history develops, the process photograph of the logic of requirement thinking and history is consistent.

Relation: The history is logistic foundation and content, logic is the history in theoretic emersion.

In the research that method of differentiate card thinking sinks modern science and technology, leave science and technology of adj thinking method to be able to not move a step.

Adj thinking method is the necessary tool that implementation experience knowledge changes to scientific theory, it is to communicate interdisciplinary the necessary bridge of research.

Adj thinking method offerred theory to prop up to innovate scientificly with motivation.

Advance rapidly of modern science and technology makes the combinative with each passing day of philosophical thinking and scientific thinking important.