初中物理公式、常用的物理公式与重要知识点
物理量 单位 公式
名称 符号 名称 符号
质量 m 千克 kg m=ρv
温度 t 摄氏度 °C
速度 v 米/秒 m/s v=s/t
密度 p 千克/米3 kg/m3 ρ=m/v
力(重力) F 牛顿(牛) N G=mg
压强 P Pa 帕斯卡(帕) P=F/S
功 W J焦耳(焦) W=Fs
功率: P 瓦特(瓦) w P=W/t
电流: I 安培(安) A I=U/R
电压: U 伏特(伏) V U=IR
电阻: R 欧姆(欧) R=U/I
电功: W 焦耳(焦) J W=UIt
电功率: P 瓦特(瓦) w P=W/t=UI
热量: Q 焦耳(焦) J Q=cm(t-t°)
比热: c 焦/(千克°C) J/(kg°C)
真空中光速 3×108米/秒
g :9.8牛顿/千克
15°C空气中声速 340米/秒
初中物理公式汇编
【力 学 部 分】
1、速度:V=S/t
2、重力:G=mg
3、密度:ρ=m/V
4、压强:p=F/S
5、液体压强:p=ρgh
6、浮力:
(1)、F浮=F’-F (压力差)
(2)、F浮=G-F (视重力)
(3)、F浮=G (漂浮、悬浮)
(4)、阿基米德原理:F浮=G排=ρ液gV排
7、杠杆平衡条件:F1 L1=F2 L2
8、理想斜面:F/G=h/L
9、理想滑轮:F=G/n
10、实际滑轮:F=(G+G动)/ n (竖直方向)
11、功:W=FS=Gh (把物体举高)
12、功率:P=W/t=FV
13、功的原理:W手=W机
14、实际机械:W总=W有+W额外
15、机械效率: η=W有/W总
16、滑轮组效率:
(1)、η=G/ nF(竖直方向)
(2)、η=G/(G+G动) (竖直方向不计摩擦)
(3)、η=f / nF (水平方向)
【热 学 部 分】
1、吸热:Q吸=Cm(t-t0)=CmΔt
2、放热:Q放=Cm(t0-t)=CmΔt
3、热值:q=Q/m
4、炉子和热机的效率: η=Q有效利用/Q燃料
5、热平衡方程:Q放=Q吸
6、热力学温度:T=t+273K
【电 学 部 分】
1、电流强度:I=Q电量/t
2、电阻:R=ρL/S
3、欧姆定律:I=U/R
4、焦耳定律:
(1)、Q=I2Rt普适公式)
(2)、Q=UIt=Pt=UQ电量=U2t/R (纯电阻公式)
5、串联电路:
(1)、I=I1=I2
(2)、U=U1+U2
(3)、R=R1+R2 (1)、W=UIt=Pt=UQ (普适公式)
(2)、W=I2Rt=U2t/R (纯电阻公式)
6、并联电路:
(1)、I=I1+I2
(2)、U=U1=U2
(3)、1/R=1/R1+1/R2 [ R=R1R2/(R1+R2)]
(4)、I1/I2=R2/R1(分流公式)
(5)、P1/P2=R2/R1
7定值电阻:
(1)、I1/I2=U1/U2
(2)、P1/P2=I12/I22
(3)、P1/P2=U12/U22
8电功:
(1)、W=UIt=Pt=UQ (普适公式)
(2)、W=I2Rt=U2t/R (纯电阻公式)
9电功率:
(1)、P=W/t=UI (普适公式)
(2)、P=I2R=U2/R (纯电阻公式)
【常 用 物 理 量】
1、光速:C=3×108m/s (真空中)
2、声速:V=340m/s (15℃)
3、人耳区分回声:≥0.1s
4、重力加速度:g=9.8N/kg≈10N/kg
5、标准大气压值: 760毫米水银柱高=1.01×105Pa
6、水的密度:ρ=1.0×103kg/m3
7、水的凝固点:0℃
8、水的沸点:100℃
9、水的比热容:C=4.2×103J/(kg?℃)
10、元电荷:e=1.6×10-19C
11、一节干电池电压:1.5V
12、一节铅蓄电池电压:2V
13、对于人体的安全电压:≤36V(不高于36V)
14、动力电路的电压:380V
15、家庭电路电压:220V
16、单位换算:
(1)、1m/s=3.6km/h
(2)、1g/cm3 =103kg/m3
(3)、1kw?h=3.6×106J
重力G (N) G=mg m:质量g:9.8N/kg
密度ρ (kg/m3) ρ=m/V m:质量 V:体积
合力F合(N) F合=F1+F2 方向相同
F合=F1-F2 方向相反时,F1>F2 方向相反:
浮力F浮(N) F浮=G物-G视 G视:物体在液体的重力
浮力F浮 (N) F浮=G物 此公式只适用
浮力F浮 (N) F浮=G排=m排g=ρ液gV排
杠杆的平衡条件 F1L1= F2L2
动滑轮 F= G物+G轮
压强p(Pa) P= F/S
热量Q(J) Q=cm△t
机械功W(J) W=Fs
功率P(w) P=W/t
机械效率 η= ×100%
液体压强p(Pa) P=ρgh
燃料燃烧放出的热量Q(J) Q=mq m:质量q:热值
物体漂浮或悬浮
G排:排开液体的重力m排:排开液体的质量 ρ液:液体的密度 V排:排开液体的体积 (即浸入液体中的体积)
:动力 L1:动力臂 F2:阻力 L2:阻力臂
定滑轮 F=G物
S=h F:绳子自由端受到的拉力 G物:物体的重力 S:绳子自由端移动的距离 h:物体升高的距离
S=2 h G物:物体的重力
G轮:动滑轮的重力
滑轮组 F=(G物+G轮)
S=n h n:通过动滑轮绳子的段数
F:力 s:在力的方向上移动的距离 有用功W有
总功W总 W有=G物h
W总=Fs 适用滑轮组竖直放置时
W:功 t:时间
F:压力 S:受力面积
ρ:液体的密度
h:深度(从液面到所求点
的竖直距离)
:物质的比热容 m:质量
△ t:温度的变化值
物理量(单位) 公式 备注 公式的变形
重力G (N) G=mg m:质量 g:9.8N/kg或者10N/kg
密度ρ (kg/m3) ρ=m/V m:质量 V:体积
合力F合(N) 方向相同:F合=F1+F2
方向相反:F合=F1-F2 方向相反时,F1>F2
浮力F浮 (N) F浮=G物-G视 G视:物体在液体的重力
浮力F浮 (N) F浮=G物 此公式只适用物体漂浮或悬浮
浮力F浮 (N) F浮=G排=m排g=ρ液gV排 G排:排开液体的重力 m排:排开液体的质量 ρ液:液体的密度 V排:排开液体的体积 (即浸入液体中的体积)
杠杆的平衡条件 F1L1= F2L2 F1:动力 L1:动力臂 F2:阻力 L2:阻力臂
定滑轮 F=G物
S=h F:绳子自由端受到的拉力
G物:物体的重力 S:绳子自由端移动的距离 h:物体升高的距离
动滑轮 F= (G物+G轮)
S=2 h G物:物体的重力 G轮:动滑轮的重力
滑轮组 F=(G物+G轮)
S=n h n:通过动滑轮绳子的段数
机械功W(J) W=Fs F:力 s:在力的方向上移动的距离
有用功W有
总功W总 W有=G物h W总=Fs 适用滑轮组竖直放置时
机械效率 η= ×100%
功率P(w) P=W/t W:功 t:时间
压强p(Pa) P= F/S F:压力 S:受力面积
液体压强p(Pa) P=ρgh ρ:液体的密度 h:深度(从液面到所求点的竖直距离)
热量Q(J) Q=cm△t c:物质的比热容 m:质量 △t:温度的变化值
燃料燃烧放出的热量Q(J) Q=mq m:质量 q:热值
串联电路:电流I(A) I=I1=I2=…… 电流处处相等
串联电路:电压U(V) U=U1+U2+…… 串联电路起分压作用
串联电路:电阻R(Ω) R=R1+R2+……
并联电路:电流I(A) I=I1+I2+…… 干路电流等于各支路电流之和(分流)
并联电路:电压U(V) U=U1=U2=……
并联电路电阻R(Ω) R= 1/R1+ 1/R2+……
欧姆定律 I= U/R 电路中的电流与电压成正比,与电阻成反比
电流定义式 I=Q/t Q:电荷量(库仑) t:时间(S)
电功W(J)W=UIt=Pt U:电压 I:电流 t:时间 P:电功率
电功率 P=UI=I2R=U2/R U:电压 I:电流 R:电阻
电磁波波速与波长、频率的关系 C=λν C:真空中的光速
Formula of physics of junior high school, commonly used physics formula and important knowledge are nodded
Formula of unit of physical quantity
Name symbolic name weighs a symbol
V of ρ of Kg M= of quality M kilogram
C of temperature T Celsius °
M/s V=s/t of second of / of speed V rice
Rice of / of density P kilogram =m/v of ρ of 3 Kg/m3
Force (gravitational) F Newton (ox) N G=mg
Pascal of P Pa of intensity of pressure (handkerchief) P=F/S
Joule of result W J (anxious) W=Fs
Power: P watt (made of baked clay) W P=W/t
Electric current: I ampere (install) A I=U/R
Voltage: U volt (volt) V U=IR
Resistor: R is ohmic (Europe) R=U/I
Electric meritorious service: W joule (anxious) J W=UIt
Electric power: P watt (made of baked clay) W P=W/t=UI
Quantity of heat: Q joule (anxious) J Q=cm(t-t ° )
Specific heat: C anxious / (kilogram ° C) J/(kg ° C)
The velocity of light in vacuum 3 × second of 108 meters of /
G: Kilogram of 9.8 Newton /
The velocity of sound in air of 15 ° C second of 340 meters of /
Collection of formula of physics of junior high school
[mechanical part]
1, speed: V=S/t
2, gravitational: G=mg
3, density: ρ =m/V
4, intensity of pressure: P=F/S
5, liquid intensity of pressure: P= ρ Gh
6, buoyancy:
(1) , F of F float = ' - F (pressure is poor)
(2) , G of F float = - F (inspects gravity)
(3) , G (of F float = floats, suspension)
(4) , Archimedes's principle: F float =G discharges platoon of GV of = ρ fluid
7, lever balances a condition: F2 L2 of F1 L1 =
8, ideal cant: F/G = H/L
9, ideal pulley: F=G/n
10, actual pulley: F = (G + G is moved) / direction of N (upend)
11, result: Gh (of = of W = FS lifts the object tall)
12, power: FV of = of P = W/t
13, the principle of result: Machine of W of W hand =
14, effective mechanism: W of W total = has + W additional
15, mechanical efficiency: η = W has / W always
16, pulley block efficiency:
(1) , direction of upend of η = G/ NF()
(2) , G of + of η = G/(G is moved) (upend direction not plan attrition)
(3) , way of standard of η = F / NF ()
[heat part]
1, absorption of heat: Q sucks = Cm(t - T of Δ of T0) = Cm
2, radiative: Q puts = Cm(t0 - T of Δ of T) = Cm
3, calorific value: Q = Q/m
4, the efficiency of furnace and heat engine: η = Q is used effectively / Q fuel
5, hot balance equation: Q puts = Q to suck
6, thermodynamic temperature: 273K of + of T = T
[electricity part]
1, voltaic intensity: N of I = Q / T
2, resistor: R= ρ L/S
3, Ohm's law: I = U/R
4, joule's law:
(1) , comfortable formula of general of Q = I2Rt)
(2) , pure resistor of U2t/R (of = of n of UQ of = of Pt of = of Q = UIt is formulary)
5, series circuit:
(1) , I2 of = of I = I1
(2) , U2 of + of U = U1
(3) , R2 of + of R = R1 (1) , comfortable formula of general of UQ (of = of Pt of = of W = UIt)
(2) , pure resistor of U2t/R (of = of W = I2Rt is formulary)
6, parallel circuits:
(1) , I2 of + of I = I1
(2) , U2 of = of U = U1
(3) , R2) of R1R2/(R1 + of = of 1/R2 [R]
(4) , billabong of I1/I2 = R2/R1(is formulary)
(5) , P1/P2 = R2/R1
The 7 resistor that decide a value:
(1) , I1/I2 = U1/U2
(2) , P1/P2 = I12/I22
(3) , P1/P2 = U12/U22
8 phone meritorious service:
(1) , comfortable formula of general of UQ (of = of Pt of = of W = UIt)
(2) , pure resistor of U2t/R (of = of W = I2Rt is formulary)
9 electric power:
(1) , comfortable formula of general of UI (of = of P = W/t)
(2) , pure resistor of U2/R (of = of P = I2R is formulary)
[commonly used physical quantity]
1, velocity of light: 3 × of C = in 108m/s (vacuum)
2, velocity of sound: ℃ of V = 340m/s (15)
3, person ear is divisional echo: ≥ 0.1s
4, gravitational acceleration: 10N/kg of ≈ of G = 9.8N/kg
5, standard atmosphere is worth: 760 millimeter mercury is tall 1.01 × of = 105Pa
6, the density of water: 1 × of ρ = 103kg/m3
7, the freezing point of water: 0 ℃
8, the boiling point of water: 100 ℃
9, the specific heat capacity of water: 4.2 × of C = 103J/(kg? ℃ )
10, yuan charge: 1.6 × of E = 10-19C
11, voltage of a dry cell: 1.5V
12, voltage of accumulator of a lead: 2V
13, the safe voltage to human body: ≤ 36V (not prep above 36V)
14, the voltage of dynamical circuit: 380V
15, domestic circuit voltage: 220V
16, unit conversion:
(1) , 1m/s = 3.6km/h
(2) , 1g/cm3 = 103kg/m3
(3) , 1kw? 3.6 × of H = 106J
Gravitational G (N) G=mg M: Quality G: 9.8N/kg
Density ρ (Kg/m3) ρ =m/V M: Quality V: Bulk
Join forces F closes (N) F adds up to =F1+F2 direction identical
F adds up to =F1-F2 when way is opposite, f1>F2 way is opposite:
Buoyancy F float (content of =G of N) F float - G inspects G: The object is in liquid is gravitational
Buoyancy F float (content of =G of N) F float this formula is only applicable
Buoyancy F float (platoon of GV of fluid of ρ of G= of platoon of =m of platoon of =G of N) F float
The balance requirement F1L1= F2L2 of lever
Content of travelling block F= G + G annulus
P of intensity of pressure (Pa) P= F/S
Q of quantity of heat (J) Q=cm △ T
Mechanical result W (J) W=Fs
Power P (W) P=W/t
× of = of mechanical efficiency η 100%
P of liquid intensity of pressure (Pa) P= ρ Gh
The Q of quantity of heat that fuel combustion gives off (J) Q=mq M: Quality Q: Calorific value
The object floats or suspension
G platoon: The platoon opens platoon of liquid gravity M: The platoon opens fluid of liquid quality ρ : Liquid density V discharges: The platoon drives liquid volume (namely the bulk in immerge liquid)
: Dynamical L1: Move F2 of the arm of force: Obstruction L2: Obstruction arm
Content of crown block F=G
S=h F: Cord freedom carries the tensile G matter that get: The gravitational S of the object: Cord freedom carries mobile distance H: The distance with elevatory object
Content of S=2 H G: The gravity of the object
G annulus: The gravity of travelling block
Pulley block F= (G content + G annulus)
S=n H N: Carry paragraph of number of travelling block cord
F: Force S: W of mobile on the direction of force distance useful work has
Total W of W of total meritorious service has =G content H
When upend of applicable pulley block of W total =Fs is placed
W: Result T: Time
F: Pressure S: Get force area
ρ : Liquid density
H: Deepness (seek a site to place from fluid face
upend is apart from)
: M of specific heat capacity: Quality
△ T: The change of temperature is worth
Physical quantity (unit) formulary remarks is out of shape formularily
Gravitational G (N) G=mg M: Quality G: 9.8N/kg or 10N/kg
Density ρ (Kg/m3) ρ =m/V M: Quality V: Bulk
Join forces F closes (N) way is same: F adds up to =F1+F2
Way is opposite: F adds up to =F1-F2 when way is opposite, f1>F2
Buoyancy F float (content of =G of N) F float - G inspects G: The object is in liquid is gravitational
Buoyancy F float (content of =G of N) F float this formulary only applicable object floats or suspension
Buoyancy F float (GV of fluid of ρ of G= of platoon of =m of platoon of =G of N) F float discharges G platoon: The platoon opens platoon of liquid gravity M: The platoon opens fluid of liquid quality ρ : Liquid density V discharges: The platoon drives liquid volume (namely the bulk in immerge liquid)
The balance requirement F1L1= F2L2 F1 of lever: Dynamical L1: Move F2 of the arm of force: Obstruction L2: Obstruction arm
Content of crown block F=G
S=h F: Cord freedom carries the pulling force that get
G content: The gravitational S of the object: Cord freedom carries mobile distance H: The distance with elevatory object
Travelling block F= (G content + G annulus)
Content of S=2 H G: The gravitational G of the object annulus: The gravity of travelling block
Pulley block F= (G content + G annulus)
S=n H N: Carry paragraph of number of travelling block cord
Mechanical result W (J) W=Fs F: Force S: In the mobile distance on the direction of force
Useful work W has
When total W of W of total meritorious service has upend of applicable pulley block of total =Fs of =G content H W to place
× of = of mechanical efficiency η 100%
Power P (W) P=W/t W: Result T: Time
P of intensity of pressure (Pa) P= F/S F: Pressure S: Get force area
P of liquid intensity of pressure (Pa) ρ of P= ρ Gh: Liquid density H: Deepness (the upend that seeks a site to place from fluid face is apart from)
Q of quantity of heat (J) Q=cm △ T C: M of specific heat capacity: Quality △ T: The change of temperature is worth
The Q of quantity of heat that fuel combustion gives off (J) Q=mq M: Quality Q: Calorific value
Series circuit: Voltaic I (A) I=I1=I2= ... electric current everywhere equal
Series circuit: Voltage U (V) U=U1+U2+ ... the cent since series circuit controls function
Series circuit: ? Qian Zuo (Ω ) R=R1+R2+ ...
Parallel circuits: ? Si Zuo (A) I=I1+I2+ ... dry road electric current is equal to the sum of electric current of each spur track (billabong)
Parallel circuits: ? Miao Geng (V) U=U1=U2= ...
R of parallel circuits resistor (Ω ) R= 1/R1+ 1/R2+ ...
The electric current in circuit of Ohm's law I= U/R and voltage become direct ratio, become inverse ratio with resistor
Electric current defines type I=Q/t Q: Charge measures (coulomb) T: Time (S)
W of electric meritorious service (J) W=UIt=Pt U: Voltage I: Voltaic T: Time P: Electric power
Electric power P=UI=I2R=U2/R U: ? Miao?I: Voltaic R: Resistor
The C of ν of relation C= λ of electromagnetic wave velocity of wave and wavelengh, frequency: True aerial velocity of light