日本养老模式？英文双语对照

、家庭福利+护理险

与西方国家比较，日本的养老制度重视家庭作用，强调国民自立。日本型福利社会强化家庭作为安全保障系统的功能，抑制福利国家病，坚持小规模政府，减轻家庭和企业的负担，维持民间的自助精神和活力。社会保障和养老相关的法律，把家庭和家庭赡养关系作为前提条件。一种是强制家庭和亲属进行赡养的法律，如生活保护法、老人福利法、儿童福利法、老人保健法、残疾人福利法等都有明确记载；另一种是在制度上承认家庭或亲属之间已经形成的赡养关系的法律，如国民年金法、厚生年金、健康保险法等都有有关条文。

服务内容∶

推进家庭护理、保健、医疗和福利一体化是日本养老制度的基本特点。护理保险提供的服务︰通过护理保障制度，可以把老年患者的长期护理场所从普通医院转移到家庭、专门老人福利院、老人保健设施和疗养型综合体。老年人生活不便时有人照料、有病能及时得到医疗和护理，通过专业人员的定期上门提供医疗护理和康复指导，延缓衰老进程，促进和维持健康状况，节约了大量的医疗费用。家庭成员的关爱和赡养是日本居家养老的重要内容。政府支持的友爱访问员派遣制度，通过社区的志愿者（健康的老年人）提供长期志愿服务，每周几次探视居家老人。

2、力推小规模多功能社区的养老服务模式

近年来，日本力推小规模多功能社区养老服务模式，老人在家养老，小规模多功能服务站提供面向所有老年群体的日常护理、上门服务等各种服务。这种模式既有助于老年人维系原来的社会交往圈子，又有助于发挥社区提供所有服务的功能。为应对老年人的医疗需求问题，一方面，日本积极鼓励医疗机构办理介护机构，参与介护；另一方面，鼓励养老院与周边医院合作。由于医院与养老院的执业许可不同，日本的养老院一般只设置长期护理、康复训练和简单急救等医疗服务，治疗疾病则需要与周边医院合作。

1）建立老年公租房体系

日本大力发展老年公租房，实现老有所居。对于房地产企业建设的专供老年人使用的集合住宅，政府征用后，租给老年人居住并给予一定的房租补贴。地方住宅供给公社出资建设老年人住宅，专供60岁以上的老年家庭使用，并以押金方式提供使用权。另外，日本还建立了收费较低的公立养老院。

2）积极鼓励、支持企业和社会主体参与老年事业

日本除了出台政策支持与老年人直接相关的医疗、养老、护理、住房等相关政策之外，还出台了鼓励企业、社会资本参与老年事业等相关政策。

一是积极鼓励企业举办养老机构，参与养老事业。日本为缓解公立养老院床位紧张的压力，鼓励企业建立私立或公益性养老院和护理机构，并实施土地、税收和政府金融机构给予的长期低息贷款等优惠政策。为规范企业办私立养老院和护理机构的运作，政府建立行政许可制度。除此之外，为鼓励企业建立补充年金计划，日本实施一定的税收优惠政策。

二是积极鼓励社会人员从事护理行业，并对护理行业实施对外开放政策。在日本，学护理专业有补助金。安倍政府提出了“护理人员零离职”目标，培育护理人员并确保其不离职。由于护理人员经常需要加夜班，工资水平较低，导致护理人员离职率高且较为紧缺。为缓解护理人员紧张的压力，日本对护理行业实施较为开放的政策，先后与菲律宾等签署协议，引进外籍护士。

三是鼓励大学设立护理人员培训专业和开展相关科研。日本一些大学设立了护理人员培训专业，招收应届高中毕业生，进行为期3年的学习。部分大学积极开展老年相关科研，应对人口老龄化。　

3、机构养老模式

机构养老模式是指依靠国家资助、亲人资助或老年人自助的方式，将老人集中在专门为老年人提供综合性服务的机构（养老机构）的养老模式。随着家庭结构的小型化和文化程度的逐步提高，越来越多的老年人将会接受由养老护理机构照顾。

在日本，养老机构根据不同的功能和服务对象大体上分为三种：一是老人特别养护之家，主要收养生活不能自理、家庭无力看护且需要长期护理的老人；二是老人养护之家，为那些65岁以上的贫困老人和没有住房、生活不能自理的老人提供服务；三是低费老人服务院，原则上接纳60岁以上的低收入夫妇，也包括由于无子女、经济以及家庭住房困难等原因不能居家养老者。

, domestic material benefits + nurse danger

Compare with western country, system of provide for the aged takes domestic action seriously, emphasize a countryman free-standing. Family of aggrandizement of Japan welfare society ensures systematic function as safety, control welfare state disease, hold to miniature government, reduce the burden of family and enterprise, keep self-help spirit of folk and energy. The law related social security and provide for the aged, regard premise condition as family and domestic support concern. One kind is the law that compulsive family and relative have support, if the life protects law of welfare of hygiene of law of law, old person welfare, children welfare law, old person, disabled,wait to have clear account; Another kind is the law that the provide for that the family admits on the system or has formed between the relative concerns, if the countryman is pension law, thick,give birth to law of annuity, healthy insurance to wait to have concerned article.

Service content:

Advance a family to nurse, the basic characteristic that health care, medical treatment and welfare unifinication are system of Japanese provide for the aged. Nurse the service ︰ that insurance offers guarantees a system through nursing, can senile patient nurse for a long time the place transfers establishment of health care of courtyard of welfare of excellent front courtyard, technical old person, old person and recuperate synthesis from common hospital. The somebody when old people life is disadvantageous attends, can get medical treatment is mixed in time unhealthily nurse, those who pass professional is fixed come to offer medical treatment to nurse coach with rehabilitation, delay anile progress, promote and manage healthy situation, managing much medical treatment fare. The care of domestic member and provide for are the serious content of provide for the aged of Japanese house home. The member that the fraternal love that the government bears is visited dispatchs a system, the volunteer that passes community (healthy old people) provide long-term and volunteer service, every week a few times visit ranks an old person.

2, thrust is miniature muti_function the provide for the aged of community serves mode

In recent years, japanese thrust is miniature muti_function community provide for the aged serves mode, the old person is in the home provide for the aged, miniature muti_function service station is offerred those who face all senile groups is daily nurse, come all sorts of services such as the service. This kind of mode conduces to the social association circle with old people original hold together already, conduce to play community providing the function of all services again. To answer the question of medical treatment demand of old people, on one hand, japan encourages medical establishment actively to deal with interpose to protect an orgnaization, participate in interpose to protect; On the other hand, encourage beadhouse and circumjacent hospital cooperation. As a result of hospital and beadhouse hold license of course of study is different, japanese beadhouse is installed only commonly nurse for a long time, the medical treatment such as rehabilitation training and simple emergency treatment serves, treat disease criterion need and circumjacent hospital collaboration.

1) build the senile public system that rent a house

Japan develops old age energetically fair rent a house, implementation often is resided somewhat. Offer the gather house that old people uses only to what estate company builds, after governmental take over for use, hire old people to live and offer certain chummage subsidy. Residence of old people of contributive construction of commune of local residence supply, the senile family that feeds 60 years old of above only is used, provide access with cash pledge means. Additional, japan still was built collect fees inferior public beadhouse.

2) encourage actively, supportive industry and social main body participate in senile career

Japan besides publish policy support and old people direct and relevant medical treatment, provide for the aged, nurse, besides the relevant policy such as housing, still came on stage to encourage capital of enterprise, society to share the relevant policy such as senile career.

It is to encourage an enterprise actively to hold orgnaization of provide for the aged, participate in career of provide for the aged. Japan is alleviate the pressure of insecurity of public beadhouse bed, encourage an enterprise to build private or commonweal sex beadhouse and nurse orgnaization, the favourable policy such as the loan of long-term low interest that implements land, taxation and governmental finance orgnaization to give. Do for normative enterprise almshouse and nurse of the orgnaization run, the government builds administration to allow a system. Besides, establish compensatory pension plan to urge a company, japan implements proper taxation privilege policy.

2 it is to encourage social personnel actively to be engaged in nursing industry, and to nursing the industry is carried out open to the outside world policy. Be in Japan, learn to nurse major has grant-in-aid. Installed times government to put forward " paramedic 0 leave one's post " target, breed paramedic to ensure its do not leave his post. Because paramedic often needs to add evening shift, salary standard is inferior, bring about paramedic to leave one's post rate is high and relatively in short supply. To alleviate the pressure of paramedic insecurity, japan to nursing the industry implements relatively open policy, early or late with Philippine etc sign an agreement, introduce foreign nationality nurse.

3 it is to encourage an university to establish paramedic to groom major and begin relevant scientific research. A few universities of Japanese established paramedic to groom professional, recruit graduate of this year's high school, the study that has by a definite date 3 years. Partial university begins senile and relevant scientific research actively, answer population aged. 　

3, mode of orgnaization provide for the aged

Mode of orgnaization provide for the aged is to show support country is aided financially, the family member is aided financially or the means of old people self-help, concentrate the old person in the orgnaization that provides omnibus service technically for old people (orgnaization of provide for the aged) mode of provide for the aged. Of the miniaturization as domestic structure and literacy rate rise stage by stage, more and more old people will be accepted nurse by provide for the aged the orgnaization is taken care of.

Be in Japan, cent is the function with different basis of orgnaization of provide for the aged and service object substantially 3 kinds: It is an old person the home of special conserve, main and foster life cannot provide for oneself, the family hospitals nurse feebly and the old person that need nurses for a long time; 2 the home that is old person conserve, the poor old person that is those 65 years old of above and the old person that cannot provide for oneself without housing, life provide a service; 3 it is courtyard of service of low cost old person, in principle admits the low income couple of 60 years old of above, because wait for the person that the reason cannot reside a provide for the aged without children, economy and domestic housing difficulty,also include.