中国传统饮食文化的历史底蕴？英文双语对照

中华美食文化经历了数千年的发展，已经成为不可或缺的一部分。在长期的发展演变中，不同的地域也呈现出不同的美食特色，制作方式和餐具也各有千秋。中国的饮食文化自成一脉，散发着独特的韵味。

我国拥有丰富的饮食文化，得仰赖于得天独厚的资源环境，这让我国饮食文化的发展具有层次性和多样性。提到饮食文化，自然就会联想到烹饪技术。烹饪技术的萌芽是源自人类先祖会用火将食物做熟开始的。用火进行烹饪也标志着人类文明在进步，一定程度上也维护了身体的健康和食物营养的吸收。

用火进行烹饪对饮食文化的发展具有划时代意义。先秦时期是烹饪技术步入萌芽，随着青铜器使用数量增加，各类烹饪工具也层出不穷，具备了先天的技术条件。中国饮食文化的基本雏形在这一时期形成，提出了色香味俱佳这一理论，餐桌礼仪也在“与时俱进”。菜品的质量和菜色有了很大进步，烹饪方式也从最基础的煮、烧发展到蒸、烤、渍等。宫廷设立了食官，利用饮食调理的方式，维护帝王的身体健康。不同的官职等级，能品尝的食物和能应用的烹饪方式都是不同的。

春秋战国社会大环境相对复杂，社会文明正处于碰撞时期。当时七国争霸，战争纷扰不断，使得百姓们为躲避战乱不停的奔走迁徙，从而为饮食文化的发展交流起到了促进作用。铁器牛耕的出现，孕育出了人工培育的农作物。蔬菜瓜果的资源开发也得到了发展，鱼虾等海鲜也在百姓的日常饮食中占据了重要地位。

南北方人民饮食习惯出现区别，烹饪方法和喜好主食都各不相同。儒家思想的出现也让饮食文化内涵日渐丰盈，推崇简单平常的食物，应该受到平等的对待。一方水土养一方人，饮食文化虽因环境会呈现出不同的特点，但对于饮食文化的精神追求出发点都是一致的，都在为着饮食文化发展做贡献。

秦汉前期社会环境稳定，经历了大一统，社会经济和农业都得到了良好发展，民族之间的文化交流也日趋增多。中央集权制的出现，全国上下统一的趋势让饮食文化交流也散发着与众不同的光芒。后期因为诸侯割据，社会矛盾的不断涌现，民族间交融，统治者对奢侈饮食的追求，烹饪技术发展因此又上了一个台阶。

秦汉时期引进的石榴、葡萄、黄瓜等丰富了我国饮食资源的多样性。其中广受大众欢迎的豆腐在此时成为了百姓餐桌上的新宠，豆类的出现也迎来了植物油的发展。当时的植物油不仅有食用价值，还是军需用品。饮食经济的发展，推动了地方特色美食的发展，因军事政治中心的不断前移，各个地区的菜系的差异更加明显，最具代表性的四大菜系正悄然发芽。

隋唐时期社会经济高度发展，对外交流也处于强盛时期，外来的饮食文化和本土饮食文化的交流碰撞产生了新的饮食文化火花，让旁观者都能清晰感知碰撞间产生的奇妙变化。均田制等制度的推行，国库日渐丰裕，一切都是饮食文化发展提供契机。

宋朝商业经济繁荣，夜市的兴起让饮食文化的发扬和传承得到了强有力的发展空间。虽然有战乱发生，经济发展的脚步却从未停止，这都刺激着饮食文化市场的竞争，一些独具地方特色的餐馆应运而生。

成吉思汗统一政权建立元朝后，北方少数民族迅速崛起，大力的开发荒田兴修水利工程，农产品的产量得到了大幅度提升，商业外贸水平超过前朝发展速度。因此饮食文化绽放出不一样的魅力，将多元化的特点体现的淋漓尽致。

食材原料也在原有的基础上增添了不少新花样，丝绸之路进一步的发展，从海外也引进了菠菜、胡萝卜、丝瓜等。由于捕捞业的兴盛，各类海鲜，虾、鱼等被端上餐桌，充分提高了海洋资源的利用程度。

明清时期饮食文化发展加入了满蒙等少数民族的特点，饮食结构有了较大的改变。饮食礼仪和食材制作独树一帜，最为人熟知的要数满汉全席这个称谓，这个名称象征着满汉不分家，是地方特色和宫廷特色相结合的产物，是最高美食境界的象征。民间宴席发展到这个时候，已经非常成熟了，最能展现封建社会饮食文化特点。

China cate culture experienced development of thousands of years, had made indispensable one part. Evolve in long-term development in, different district also presents a different cate characteristic, the means that make and tableware also each has his strong point. Dietary culture of China becomes one arteries and veins oneself, sending out individual lasting appeal.

Our country has rich dietary culture, must admire Lai Yu's advantaged resources environment, this lets the development of culture of our country food have administrative levels sex and diversity. Mention dietary culture, nature can associate to cooking technology. Of cooking technology budding it is to come from human Xian Zuhui to make food with fire ripe begin. Undertake with fire cooking also is indicating the mankind is civilized in progress, the absorption of the health of the body and food nutrition also was safeguarded on certain level.

Undertake with fire cooking drinks the development that feeds culture to have epoch-making sense. First period of the Qin Dynasty is cooking technology enter budding, as bronze ware use amount increases, tool of of all kinds cooking also emerges in endlessly, had congenital technical requirement. The basic embryonic form of Chinese food culture is formed in this one period, put forward beautiful of lubricious fragrance all this one theory, mensal and formal also be in " with when all is entered " . The quality that dish tastes and famished look had very great progress, cooking means also from most of the foundation boil, burn development to arrive evaporate, bake, be soiled. Palace was established feed an official, use the means that food recuperates, those who safeguard a monarch is healthy. Different official position grade, the food that can sample and the cooking means that can use are different.

Big environment of society of age the Warring States is relatively complex, social civilization is in collision period. At that time 7 countries contend for hegemony, warlike confusion is ceaseless, make common people people migrate to avoid what chaos caused by war keeps to run, the development that is dietary culture thereby reached stimulative action since communication. Ironware ox appears n cultivated land, breed went the crop that breeds artificially. The resource development of vegetable melon and fruit also got developing, the seafood such as piscine shrimp also held significant position in the diet of common people.

Northward people food is used to occurrence distinction south, cooking method and staple food of be fond of each are not identical. The occurrence of Confucianism also lets dietary culture connotation with each passing day heavy full figure, the food with simple and common praise highly, should get equal treatment. One party natural environment raises one party person, although dietary culture can present a different characteristic because of the environment, but going after jumping-off place to the spirit of dietary culture is consistent, be in to wear dietary culture development makes contribution.

Environment of society of early days of Chinese of the Qin Dynasty is stable, experienced big unify, socioeconomy and agriculture got good progress, the culture communication between the nation also with each passing day grow in quantity. The occurrence of the centralism, next unified trends on the whole nation let dietary culture communication also sending out the ray of extraordinary. Because later period is vassal set up a separatist regime by force of arms, the ceaseless emerge in large numbers with contradictory society, blend between the nation, the ruler pursuit to extravagant food, cooking technology developed to go up again accordingly a step.

The pomegranate that period of Chinese of the Qin Dynasty introduces, grape, cucumber diversity that abounded resource of our country food. Among them the bean curd of wide popularity is bestowed favor on newly in what became common people table to go up right now, the occurrence of legume also welcomed the development of vegetable oil. The vegetable oil at that time has edible value not only, still be military supplies things. The development of dietary economy, promoted the development of local characteristic cate, because of the ceaseless reach of martial politics center, the difference that the dish of each areas fastens is more apparent, provide department of representative 4 big vegetable to sprouting sadly most.

Height of socioeconomy of period of the Tang Dynasty of the Sui Dynasty develops, also be in powerful and prosperous period to diplomatic shedding, the communication collision of foreign dietary culture and culture of native land food produced new dietary culture scintilla, allow the wonderful change that spectator produces between collision of perception of Dou Nengqing clear. All cropland makes those who wait for a system carry out, the treasury is opulent with each passing day, everything is dietary culture development offers chance.

Economy of business of government of the Song Dynasty booms, of night fair arisen let dietary culture carry on and inheritance got strong development space. Although have happening of chaos caused by war, the pace that economy grows never stops however, this is stimulating the competition of dietary culture market, a few cafeteria arise at the historic moment that have local distinguishing feature alone.

After into Jisaihan centralized political power builds yuan of day, northward minority rises abruptly quickly, energetically water conservancy project of start construction of cropland of development uncultivated land, the crop of produce got promoting substantially, the government before level of commercial foreign trade exceeds grows rate. Because this food culture blossoms,give different charm, the incisively and vividly that the characteristic of diversity reflects.

The raw material that feed capable person also added many new pattern on original basis, the Silk Road develops further, from abroad also introduced spinach, carrot, towel gourd to wait. As a result of catching course of study flourishing, of all kinds seafood, the table be gettinged on by end such as shrimp, fish, increased marine resource adequately use rate.

Culture of food of period of bright Qing Dynasty develops the characteristic that joined the minority such as Man Meng, dietary structure had bigger change. Food is formal and feed material to make develop a school of one's own, most the person wants heply to count Man Hanquan banquet this appellation, this name is symbolizing full Chinese do not break up, it is the child of local characteristic and union of palace characteristic photograph, be highest cate state is indicative. Civilian banquet grows this time, already special maturity, can show characteristic of culture of feudal society food most.