历史文化与历史文明的区别？英文双语对照

文明一词，源于近代欧洲，最早使用这一词汇的是在法国的启蒙运动时期。文明原本是指对知识、技术、道德方面进步的向往，也就是所谓的“启蒙”思想。

后来，文明在使用过程中，逐渐从形容人是否开化、其行为方式是否有教养的个人行为推向了整个社会，并且逐渐与野蛮相对应，变成了形容整个社会所到达的一种状态。

文化一词的使用几乎与文明同时，但文化最初指的是宗教、艺术、思想等精神方面，而文明则用来指政治、经济等社会方面的进化程度。

至公元19世纪，随着欧洲人统治全球，其认为自身的“文明”已经发展完成，而其对外的扩张和殖民运动则是为了推广“文明”，这也是时至今日美国人依然坚持认为自己是传递“文明”的旗手的源头。

之后，随着达尔文进化论的流行，人类的历史被划分为蒙昧时代、野蛮时代、文明时代诸阶段。

1、那么，社会发展到何种程度才算进入文明了呢？

布罗代尔和亨廷顿代表了在五花八门的文明定义的两个方面——物质和精神。

布罗代尔认为，文明首先是一个地域范围，然后是一个社会，同时与经济密不可分。文明就是社会，文明就是经济，文明涉及所有的社会科学。

亨廷顿的文明观则很简单，其界定文明的标准就是宗教，他将人类的主要文明等同于各主要的宗教。

综合起来，文明便是人类所创造的所有伟大成果，物质和精神缺一不可，政治、经济、文化等等都是文明的一部分。

所有，我们也经常把文明划分为物质文明和精神文明两部分。

与文明相比，文化则更加侧重人类的精神财富，比如文学、艺术、宗教等等。

2、今天我们在讨论历史时所说的文明和文化似乎与最初的概念并不相同

比如，我国的仰韶文化、龙山文化等被定义为“文化”，而商朝则被定义为“商文明”。

从这里，我们可以看出文化的范围似乎更广。

也就是说，文化指的是人类在征服自然、社会的过程中取得的一切物质和精神成果；而文明则是文化发展到一定阶段的称谓，也就是说比文化要高一级。

假如从时间上来说的话，文化从人类一诞生便出现了，存在于人类发展的始终，所以有旧石器文化、新石器文化，这些都属于史前文化。

而文明则是人类发展到一定阶段的结果，其时间要短于文化。

对于人类历史而言，文化是一个中性词，而文明则不同，文明标志着人类结束了蒙昧和野蛮时代，进入了文明社会，是一个褒义词。

3、人类不平等是文明，还是平等是文明？

人类进入文明时代的一个重要标志是阶级的分化和国家的产生，也就是说人与人之间开始变得不平等了。

人与人之间变得不平等，是人类进入文明的一大标志，是不是有些讽刺？

据说，上古是大同社会，天下为公。

大道之行也，天下为公，选贤与能，讲信修睦，故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子，使老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。男有分，女有归。货，恶其弃于地也，不必藏于己; 力，恶其不出于身也，不必为已。是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同。

人类进入文明社会后是小康社会，天下为家。

今大道既隐，天下为家，各亲其亲，各子其子，货力为己。大人世及以为礼，城郭沟池以为固，礼义以为纪，以正君臣，以笃父子，以睦兄弟，以和夫妇，以设制度，以立田里，以贤勇智，以功为己。故谋用是作，而兵由此起。禹、汤、文、武、成王、周公，由此其选也。此六君子者，未有不谨于礼者也; 以著其义，以考其信，著有过，刑 (型) 仁讲让，示民有常，如有不由此者，在势者去，众以为殃。是谓小康。

而时至今日，我们又重新在为人人平等，人类大同而努力。

在人类的文明起源和发展中，不平等是为了平等，似乎是一个悖论，但却是人类历史的一个真实的发展历程。

Civilized one word, result from latter-day Europe, what use this one vocabulary the earliest is the Enlightenment period in France. Civilization is to show what progress to respect of knowledge, technology, morality is yearning originally, namely so called " illuminative " thought.

Later, civilization is in use process, gradually from form tolerate with others whether the individual behavior with whether cultured means of become civilized, its behavior is pushed to whole society, and be opposite with wild look gradually answer, turned appearance into a kind of position that whole society place reachs.

Culture the use of one word almost with civilization at the same time, but what culture points to at first is the mental respect such as religion, art, thought, and civilization uses the developmental rate that points to the social side such as politics, economy.

To the Christian era 19 centuries, as European regnant whole world, its think of oneself " civilized " had developed finish, and its external dilate and colonial motion are for promotion " civilized " , this also is American of at this late hour still insists to think he is to deliver " civilized " the fountainhead of flagman.

Later, as the popularity of Darwinian Darwinism, human history is differentiated to be barbaric times, cruel times, civilized times all phase.

1, so, why does the society develop to plant does degree just calculate enter civil palpability?

Two sides that Luodaier and henry the court of a feudal ruler represented cloth to be defined in multifarious civilization suddenly -- material and spirit.

Buluodaier thinks, civilization is limits of a district above all, it is a society next, at the same time as inseparable as economy. Civilization is a society, civilization is economy, civilization involves all social science.

Civilized concept of Huntington is very simple, its limit civilized criterion is religion, he is equal main civilization of the mankind at each main religion.

Rise integratedly, civilization is all and great achievement that human place creates, material and spirit are short of one cannot, politics, economy, culture is civilized one part etc.

All, we often also differentiate civilization to be mixed for corporeal civilization spiritual civilization two parts.

Compare with civilized photograph, culture criterion more the mental fortune of side heavy mankind, for instance literature, artistic, religion is waited a moment.

2, the civilization that we say when discussion history today and culture appear not as identical as original concept

For instance, the Yangshao culture of our country, the Longshan Culture be by the definition " culture " , and Shang Chaoze is by the definition " Shang Wenming " .

From here, the scope that we can see culture appears wider.

That is to say, what culture points to is all material that the mankind obtains in the process in conquer nature, society and mental achievement; And civilization is the appellation that culture develops certain level, want than culture that is to say tall one class.

If if come from time,saying, culture was born to appear from the mankind, consist in mankind develops from beginning to end, have culture of paleolith culture, new stone vessel so, these belong to prehistoric culture.

And civilization is the result that the mankind develops certain level, short Yu Wen wants to change between meantime.

To human history, culture is a neuter word, and civilization is different, civilized mark is worn the mankind ended barbaric with cruel times, entered civilized society, it is a commendatory word.

3, human imparity is civilized, equal still be civilized?

A when the mankind enters civilized period important sign is the generation of the become divided of the class and country, begin to become between person and person that is to say imparity.

Become between person and person imparity, it is the one big mark that the mankind enters civilization, are some acid?

Allegedly, antediluvian it is Great Harmony society, the world is fair.

The travel of the highway also, the world is fair, choose virtuous with can, tell a letter to repair harmonious, old friend kisses his not only, not only child its child, olden somewhat eventually, strong use somewhat, young grow somewhat, the person that pity few loneliness wastes disease all is raised somewhat. Male have branch, female have return. Goods, evil its are abandoned at the ground also, need not hide at personal; force, evil its do not stem from a body also, need not be already. Hereat is sought shut and do not promote, steal random thief and do not make, outside reason door and do not shut, it is to call Great Harmony.

Comparatively well-off society is after the mankind enters civilized society, the world is the home.

Today highway already concealed, the world is the home, each kiss its, each child its child, money power is oneself. Adult world and think ceremony, pool of channel of inner and outer city walls thinks solid, ceremony justice thinks discipline, with Zheng Junchen, with earnest father and son, with harmonious brother, in order to mix couple, in order to establish a system, in order to establish Tian Li, with virtuous Yong Zhi, with result for oneself. Reason is sought using is to make, and arms rise from this. The reputed founder of the Ix Dynasty, soup, article, fierce, into king, Zhou Gong, from this its are chosen also. This 6 gentleman person, have no not sincerely Yu Li person also; in order to write its justice, believe in order to take an examination of its, had had, punishment (model) benevolence tell let, show civilian have constant, if have not from this person, in situation person go, numerous think disaster. It is to call comparatively well-off.

And at this late hour, we are in afresh again humanness person is equal, human Great Harmony and hard.

In civilized origin of the mankind and development, imparity is for equality, it is a paradox it seems that, but a be human history however true development course.