汉代文化的特征？英文双语对照

“汉人石刻，气魄深沉雄大”

汉朝艺术最大的特点是大气磅礴，霍去病墓前的马踏匈奴的雕塑，最具特点，其中马没有精雕细啄的修饰，而是用非常大气的大的轮廓去生动的表现出了马的形象

西汉承秦建制，许多方面继承秦的作法，但在刑法和文化控制方面，汉初吸取秦朝的经验教训，采取简约宽松的政策。汉立国之初，朝中盛行清静无为的黄老思想，对百姓生活极少干涉，并大量搜罗文献，允许多家学说并行。

汉初君臣，皆起于楚地。建国以后，他们对楚歌、楚声也多所偏爱。因此，楚辞在汉初得到极大的流行。“秦焚烧《诗》、《书》……故在文章，则楚汉之际，诗教已熄，民间多乐楚声，刘邦以一亭之长登帝位，其风遂被宫掖。盖秦灭六国，四方怨恨，而楚尤发愤，誓虽三户必亡秦，于是江湖激昂之士，遂以楚声为尚。”（《汉文学史纲要》第六篇 《汉宫之楚声》）

汉初的政论散文家有贾谊和晁错，其中贾谊的《过秦论》、《陈政事疏》等文章很著名，文学性也较强。汉初之辞赋主要继承骚体传统，并开始向新体赋转化。汉初的骚体赋作者因为缺少屈原那样的果敢精神，其赋作也往往强为呻吟，并没有多么深刻的思想和强烈的爱国主义感情。故而辞赋由抒发个人的强烈感情转向铺张扬历，宣扬统治阶级的华贵生活和享乐生活，由严峻的责斥变为温和的讽劝。

赋体的变化也必然成就一些实践这种体裁的诗人作家，贾谊是汉初骚体赋作的唯一优秀作家。

西汉的经济力量雄厚，疆域广阔，汉代文学呈现出八方荟萃、气度恢宏的文化主流气象。如汉之乐府，就广泛采集代、赵、秦、楚各地的歌谣，以“观风俗、知薄厚”。同时武帝大规模扩大乐府机构，重视采纳民间和异域的新声变曲，为文学的发展引进了民间的文化营养，促进了文化的发展和繁荣，此举在文学史上意义重大。

汉武帝时的诗人、辞赋家和文章家其眼光和胸襟也大为开放，或写下了“亦欲究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言”（司马迁《报任安书》）的史著，或以赋家之心，包举宇宙，总揽人物，大开大合，成就气象万千之辞赋。

《史记》是史传散文的典范之作，它是中国历史上最早的一部记传体的通史。记载了从黄帝下至汉武帝太初年间三千多年的历史，全书由五种体例构成。其中本纪、世家和列传是《史记》中最具文学价值的部分。无论是在人物形象的刻划上，还是在文章自身的结构及语言艺术上，都达到了很高的成就。

这个阶段的大赋兼综南北、融绘古今，描绘千秋帝业，是汉赋的鼎盛时期。

标志着汉大赋正式形成的作品是枚乘的《七发》。汉代的统一繁荣为文人提供了广阔的视域，使山川风物可以走到他们的笔下，司马相如的《子虚》、《上林》是汉大赋的代表作。

但是，汉家独尊儒术，大兴经学，使生动活泼的《诗三百》变为“诗经学”。伦理化、政治化了的“诗三百”其文学意义则降到了极其次要的地位。汉代士人常要凭借解经之功得官职，他们不象先秦士人那样可以用外交、军事等手段为君主夺取霸权，士的地位及主体人格在这个阶段降到很低的位置。一些赋家也更多地表现出宫廷文人的特色，主要以文学活动为君王提供精神享受，同时，提一些建议和批评。因而汉文人的赋作大多是“润色鸿业，劝百讽一”的作品。宣帝时辞赋也盛极一时，王褒、刘向等都是当时著名的作者。

西汉后期，社会矛盾日益尖锐，王莽开始托古改制，然而改制并没有成功。王莽在学术上提倡古文经学，古文经学被立为官学。扬雄是此期的代表作家。他的《法言》、《太玄》力求自成一家之言，不傍经典，一改他以前作品的复古特色，但行文流于艰深。其杂文《解嘲》与东方朔《答客难》前呼后应，倒是很有现实意义。

"Carved stone of the Han people, daring is dark hero is old "

The characteristic with Chinese face the greatest skill is atmosphere boundless, the horse before going to ill grave suddenly steps the sculpture of Hun, provide a characteristic most, among them the horse is fine without carve of essence of life peck decorate, showed equestrian figure racily however with the outline with special big atmospheric

The Western Han Dynasty bear organizational system of the Qin Dynasty, a lot of respects accede the course of action of the Qin Dynasty, but the respect is commanded in criminal law and culture, chinese the experience lesson that Qin Chao draws first, adopt contracted and loose policy. Han Liguo at the beginning of, the yellow old idea with the quiet and do-nothing be current in face, to common people the life seldom is interfered, document of many collect, allow much home doctrine to run paralell.

Han Chujun's official, all result Hunan ground. After founding a state, they are much also to Chu Ge, Chu Sheng place preference. Accordingly, chu Ci is in Chinese huge popularity gains first. "Qin Fen is burned " poem " , " book " ... reason is in article, hunan Chinese during, the poem teachs already extinguish, civilian much Le Chusheng, liu Bang with one booth long ascend purple, its wind is satisfied by palace assist. Gai Qin destroys 6 countries, all directions resentment, and Hunan makes a determined effort especially, oath although 3 die surely the Qin Dynasty, all corners of the country is then ablaze person, it is with Chu Sheng then still. " (" Chinese literary history compendium " the 6th " Han Gongzhi Chu Sheng " )

Chinese the political comment proser first has Gu Yi and Chao Cuo, among them of Gu Yi " cross Qin Lun " , " old government affairs is scanty " etc the essay is very famous, literary sex is stronger also. Chinese the demit first endows with tradition of body of main and successive coquettish, begin to be changed to new system ode. Chinese because the author of coquettish body ode first lacks Qu Yuan in that way courageous and resolute spirit, its are endowed with often also be groan by force, do not have how deep thought and strong patriotism feeling. So demit ode sends strong feeling of the individual to change a shop to make public all previous by express, the showily life of advocate regime and enjoyment live, by austere duty denounce turns into gentle mock persuades.

The change that taxes system also makes a few practice necessarily this kind of stylistic poet author, gu Yi is Chinese the exclusive and outstanding writer that coquettish body endows with first.

The economic strength of the Western Han Dynasty is abundant, domain is vast, han Daiwen learns to present an all directions extensive of assemble, bearing grand culture mainstream atmosphere. Like Chinese an official conservatory in the Han Dynasty for collecting and composing folk songs and ballads, collect the ballad of each district of acting, Zhao, the Qin Dynasty, Hunan extensively, with " common of serve as a lookout, know Bao Hou " . Wu Di is large-scale at the same time enlarge orgnaization of an official conservatory in the Han Dynasty for collecting and composing folk songs and ballads, take the new crack bend that adopts folk and different region seriously, the development that is literature introduced culture nutrition of folk, promoted the development of culture and prosperity, this action is on literary history the sense is great.

Its eye and mind also open home of ode of the poet when Han Wu emperor, demit and article home greatly, or wrote down " also desire investigate day person during, connect Gu Jinzhi to change, the character into " (minister change " sign up for Ren Anshu " ) history, or in order to endow with domestic heart, the bag lifts the universe, assume overall responsibility character, leave to close greatly greatly, accomplish the demit ode of spectacular.

" history write down " be history of the model that sends an essay make, it is the earliest on Chinese history notes the general history that sends form. Account fall from Huang Di to Han Wu Di Taichu year a history of more than 3000 years, whole book is formed by 5 kinds of stylistic rules and layout. Among them this discipline, old and well-known family and biographies are " history write down " in the share that has literary value most. No matter be to be on the score of figure figure, still be on the structure of article oneself and language art, achieved very tall success.

The big ode of this phase holds Gu Jin of draw of put together north and south, be in harmony concurrently, represent industry of emperor of a thousand years, it is the period of at the height of power and splendour of Chinese ode.

Indicating move Chinese endows with the work that forms formally greatly is those who multiply " 7 hair " . The unified prosperity of Chinese generation was offerred for bookman inspect region capaciously, make scenery of mountains and rivers-land can walk along their the wording and purpose of what one writes, of Sima Xiangru " fictitious " , " on forest " the masterpiece that is Han Dafu.

But, chinese home alone honour Confucianism art, go in for sth in a large scale study of Confusion classics, enliven is lively " poem 300 " turn into " poetic study of Confusion classics " . Ethicization, politics changed " poem 300 " its literature meaning fell extremely minor position. The meritorious service that Han Daishi's person often wants to depend on solution classics gets government post, they unlike first Qin Shiren can use the method such as diplomacy, military affairs to be liege capturing hegemony in that way, person position and main body character fall in this phase very small position. Home of a few odes shows the trait of palace bookman morely also, basically offer spirit to enjoy for emperor with literary activity, in the meantime, mention a few proposals and criticism. Consequently Chinese the ode of bookman is made is mostly " embellish grand course of study, persuade 100 mock one " work. The demit when announce emperor is endowed with also be in fashion for a period, wang Bao, Liu Xiang is at that time well-known writer.

Later period of the Western Han Dynasty, social contradiction is increasingly acerb, wang Mang begins to hold in the palm ancient change make, change to make and do not have a success however. Wang Mang is in learned advocate ancient prose study of Confusion classics, ancient prose study of Confusion classics is stood to be an official to learn. Yang Xiong is this period masterpiece home. His " law character " , " too black " the character of be unique in one's style of do one's best, do not draw near classical, change him previously the characteristic restoring ancient ways of work, but style or manner of writing flows at abstruse. Its essay " try to explain things away when been laughed at " with Oriental new moon " answer the settle or live in a strange place is bad " before after breathing out, answer, have real sense very much however.