如何对初三学生进行心理健康教育？英文双语对照

本章主要介绍了心理健康的基本概念、心理评估以及心理辅导。

知识点梳理

1.心理健康的意义和标准

所谓心理健康，就是一种良好的、持续的心理状态与过程，表现为个人具有生命的活力，积极的内心体验，良好的社会适应，能够有效地发挥个人的身心潜力以及作为社会一员的积极的社会功能。

研究者归纳出心理健康的六条标准：①对现实的有效知觉;②自知自尊与自我接纳;③自我调控能力;(与人建立亲密关系的能力;⑤人格结构的稳定与协调;⑥生活热情与工作率。

2.中学生易产生的心理健康问题

(1)焦虑症

学生中常见的焦虑反应是考试焦虑。采用肌肉放松、系统脱敏方法，运用自助性认知矫正程序，指导学生在考试中使用正向的自我对话，对缓解学生的考试焦虑都有较好的效果。

(2)抑郁症

抑郁症是以持久性的心境低落为特征的神经症。

(3)强迫症

强迫症包括强迫观念和强迫行为。

(4)恐怖症

恐怖症是对特定的无实在危害的事物与场景的非理性惧怕，可分为单纯恐怖症、广场恐惧症和社交恐怖症。中学生中社交恐怖症较为多见。系统脱敏法是治疗恐怖症的常用方法，使用这一方法最好要及时进行。

(5)人格障碍与人格缺陷

人格障碍是长期固定的适应不良的行为模式，这种行为模式由一些不成熟不适当的压力应对或问题解决方式所构成。

(6)性偏差

性偏差是指少年性发育过程中的不良适应，如过度手淫、迷恋黄色书刊、早恋、不当性游戏、轻度性别认同困难等，一般不属于性心理障碍。

(7)进食障碍

进食障碍包括神经性厌食、贪食和异食癖等，其中神经性厌食是一种由于节食不当而引起的严重体重失常。可采用行为疗法、认知疗法予以矫正。

(8)睡眠障碍

睡眠障碍包括失眠、过度思睡、睡行症、夜惊、梦魇等。可采用肌肉松弛法来治疗失眠。

3.心理健康教育的意义

(1)预防精神疾病、学生心理健康的需要

(2)提高学生心理素质，促进其人格健全发展的需要

(3)对学校日常教育教学工作的配合与补充

4.心理评估的含义

心理评估指用心理学方法和技术搜集得来的资料，对学生的心理特征与行为表现进行评鉴，以确定其性质和水平并进行分类诊断的过程。心理评估既可采用标准化的方法，如各种心理测验;也可以采用非标准化的方法，如评估性会谈、观察法、自述法等。

5.心理评估的两种参考架构

心理健康教育的对象应以正常学生(包括有轻、中度心理健康问题的正常学生)为主，因而心理评估的功能就不应只是进行心理症状学诊断或心理病理分类学诊断，也应重视对学生发展潜能、自我实现程度的正向评定。现有的评估手段是在两种参考架构的基础上制定的，包括健康模式与疾病模式。

6.心理测验

心理测验是为心理评估搜集数量化资料的常用工具。按照所要测量的特征大体上可把心理测验分成认知测验和人格测验。

7.心理辅导及其目标

在学校开展心理健康教育有以下几条途径：①开设心理健康教育有关课程;②开设心理辅导活动课;③在学科教学中渗透心理健康教育的内容;④结合班级、团队活动开展心理健康教育;⑤个别心理辅导或咨询;⑥小组辅导。

所谓心理辅导，是指在一种新型的建设性的人际关系中，学校辅导教师运用其专业知识和技能，给学生以合乎其需要的协助与服务;帮助学生正确地认识自己，认识环境，依据自身条件，确立有益于社会进步与个人发展的生活目标;克服成长中的障碍，增强与维持学生心理健康，使其在学习、工作与人际关系各个方面做出良好的适应。

心理辅导的一般目标有两个：第一是学会调适，包括调节与适应;第二是寻求发展。学会调适是基本目标，以此为主要目标的心理辅导可称为调适性辅导;寻求发展是高级目标，以此为主要目标的心理辅导可称为发展性辅导。

8.影响学生行为改变的方法

(1)行为改变的基本方法

行为改变的基本方法有强化法、代币奖励法、行为塑造法、示范法、暂时隔离法、自我控制法等。

(2)行为演练的基本方法

行为演练的基本方法有：①全身松弛训练。②系统脱敏法。系统脱敏的含义是，当某些人对某事物、某环境产生敏感反应(即害怕、焦虑、不安)时，我们可以在当事人身上发展起一种不相容的反应，使对本来可引起敏感反应的事物，不再发生敏感反应。

(3)改善学生认知的方法

艾里斯曾提出理性情绪辅导方法，他认为人的情绪是由他的思想决定的，合理的观念导致健康的情绪，不合理的观念导致负向的、不稳定的情绪。他提出了一个解释人的行为的ABC理论。

重点难点提示

重点：心理健康的意义和标准、中学生易产生的心理健康问题以及影响学生行为改变的方法。

难点：中学生易产生的心理健康问题。

The basic idea that this chapter basically introduced mental health, psychology is evaluated and psychology coachs.

Intellectual dot is combed

The meaning of mental health mixes 1. standard

Alleged mental health, namely a kind good, lasting mentation and process, expression has the energy of life for the individual, active heart experiences, good society suits, the latent capacity of body and mind that can develop an individual effectively and regard a society as positive social function.

Investigator is Baconian 6 levels that give mental health: The stability of the structure of character of ability; ⑤ that ① knows self-respect and ego to admit;(of ability of adjusting control of; ③ ego and person to build affinity oneself to ② of actual effective and conscious; and enthusiasm of life of harmonious; ⑥ and job are led.

The mental health problem of easy generation of 2. high school student

(1) angst disease

The common angst response in the student is exam angst. Use muscle to loosen, systematic desensitization method, apply self-help sex acknowledge correct procedure, directive student is used in the exam to ego speaks, to alleviating exam angst of the student has better effect.

(2) depressed disease

Depressed disease is the mood with endurance low the neurosis that is a feature.

(3) forces disease

Force disease to include to force idea and force action.

(4) phobia

The blame reason that phobia is pair of specific things that do not have real harm and setting is fear of, can divide for fear of pure phobia, square disease is mixed gregarious phobia. Gregarious phobia is relatively much in the high school student see. Systematic desensitization law is the commonly used method that treats phobia, use law of this one party to had better want to undertake in time.

(5) character obstacle and character flaw

Character obstacle is the behavior mode of the malajustment that secures for a long time, mode of this kind of behavior is answered by the pressure of a few immature impropriety or the problem solves means place to form.

(6) sex deviation

Sexual deviation is those who show process of teenager sex development is medium is undesirable suit, if excessive masturbation, infatuation is loved maize books and periodicals, early, spend sexual distinction undeserved sex game, gently to agree with difficulty to wait, do not belong to a gender commonly psychogenic disorder.

(7) eats an obstacle

Eat an obstacle to include nerve sex anorexia, wait with pica devouringly, among them nerve sex anorexia is a kind because be on a diet undeserved and the serious weight that cause is wrong. Can use behavior treatment, cognitive therapeutics to give correctional.

(8) sleep-disorder

Sleep-disorder includes insomnia, excessive think of sleep, sleep Jing of a disease, night, nightmare. Can use law of relax of flesh dried meat floss to treat insomnia.

The meaning of 3. mental health education

(1) prevents the need of mental health of mental disease, student

(2) improves student psychology quality, promote the need of its character sound development

(3) teachs what education works to cooperate daily to the school with complement

The implication that 4. psychology assesses

Psychology evaluates the data that shows method of intention a Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming Dynasties and technical collect must come, undertake reviewing object lesson to psychological feature of the student and behavior expression, classify diagnosed process in order to decide its property and level undertake. Psychology evaluates the method that can use standardization already, also can use like all sorts of psychological exam; nonstandard the method that change, if evaluate standard of law of sexual talk, observation, an account in one's own words,wait.

Two kinds of referenced frameworks that 5. psychology evaluates

The object that mental health teachs should with normal student (include to have light, medium the normal pupil that spends mental health question) give priority to, the function that consequently psychology evaluates just should not undertake psychological semeiology is diagnosed or psychological pathology taxology is diagnosed, also should take pair of students seriously to grow rate of potential, self-fulfilment to assess. Showing some to evaluate a method is made on the foundation of two kinds of referenced frameworks, include healthy mode and disease pattern.

6. psychology exam

Psychological exam is the commonly used tool that evaluates collect quantification data for psychology. The diagnostic substantially that should measure according to place can assign psychological test into cognitive exam and character exam.

7. psychology coachs reach its goal

Mental health education begins to have the following ways in the school: ① opens mental health to teach ② of concerned course; to open psychology to coach the content; ④ that ③ of mobile class; permeates mental health to teach in discipline education combines activity of class, group to begin mental health to teach; ⑤ to individual psychology coachs or seek advice from; ⑥ group to coach.

Alleged psychology coachs, it is to point to in a kind of new-style constructive human relationship, the school coachs the teacher uses its major knowledge and mastery of a skill or technique, help a student know his correctly with the help that needs accord with its and service; to the student, know an environment, according to oneself condition, establish is beneficial to the life aim; of social progress and individual development to overcome the obstacle in growing, increase with maintain student mental health, make its are in study, job and human relation each respects make suit goodly.

The common cause that psychology coachs has two: The first it is to learn to adjust, include to adjust with get used to; the 2nd it is to seek progress. The society is adjusted is main goal, the psychology that is main goal with this coachs can call adjust a gender to coach; seeks progress is high end, the psychology that is main goal with this coachs can call expansibility to coach.

8. affects the method that student behavior changes

(The basic method that 1) behavior changes

The basic method that behavior changes has aggrandizement law, token to reward law, behavior to model law, demonstrative law, temporary segregation law, ego to control a law to wait.

(The basic method of 2) behavior drilling

The basic method of behavior drilling has: ① whole body trains flabbily. Law of ② system desensitization. The meaning of systematic desensitization is, produce sensitive reaction to something other people, some environment when certain person (fear namely, angst, disturbed) when, we can go up in party body a kind of antipathic reaction since development, make be opposite the thing that can cause sensitive reaction originally, produce sensitive reaction no longer.

(3) improves the method of student acknowledge

Ailisi ever put forward rational mood to coach method, he thinks the person's mood is decided by his thought, reasonable idea brings about healthy sentiment, unreasonable idea is brought about negative to, not stable mood. He offerred the ABC theory of an action that explains a person.

Key difficulty hints

Key: The mental health problem of easy generation of the meaning of mental health and standard, high school student and the method that influence student behavior changes.

Difficulty: The mental health problem of easy generation of high school student.