科技霸权是指以专利、军事、政治等手段垄断科技技术,就如美国制裁华为就是一种科技霸权
维持美国当今地位四大霸权:军事霸权、金融霸权、科技霸权、文化霸权已经以越来越快的速度在瓦解了。首先是文化霸权这个“道德马甲”,所谓的美式民主、自由、人权,已经被全世界看清了本质,再也不能一呼百应的忽悠和欺骗全世界了,已经烂了根子无可救药。
科技霸权是指以专利、军事、政治等手段垄断科技技术,就如美国制裁华为就是一种科技霸权。
维持美国当今地位四大霸权:军事霸权、金融霸权、科技霸权、文化霸权已经以越来越快的速度在瓦解了。
首先是文化霸权这个“道德马甲”,所谓的美式民主、自由、人权,已经被全世界看清了本质,再也不能一呼百应的忽悠和欺骗全世界了,已经烂了根子无可救药。
苏联霸权和美国霸权是一个伪命题,角度不一样,答案都不一样。
二战以后世界格局多极化,最主要的政治架构分为资本主义阵营和社会主义阵营,当然还有力量弱小的封建社会,原始部落等。
资本主义阵营主要以老牌资本主义国家,和新兴资本主义国家为主;社会主义阵营主要以无产阶级组建的政权及新兴的社会主义国家为主。
两个阵营都属于世界文明组成部分,当两个文明在不同的政治和制度发展下,诞生不同价值观和文明走向,从对立和共存,发到一定程度,文明必定有所区别。
比如:政治体系,制度,经济,文化,民生,思想,观念,价值观,世界观,人生观,理念,国防体系,科技树……都会有对立或交叉共存建设现代文明。
霸下,霸气,霸者,霸主,霸道,霸占,霸官。
但美国人不甘于丢掉对世界货币体系的掌控权,为了挽救美元并让世界继续依赖它,同时也为保障美国的能源和财政安全,游说沙特为首的OPEC放弃对美国的石油禁运,美国政府开始以国际石油贸易作为突破口,寻找解决之策。
美国派国务卿亨利·基辛格为首的外交团队先与沙特阿拉伯王室进行了一系列谈判,并最终在1974年达成了协议。协议的主要内容是:美国不再偏袒以色列,并向沙特阿拉伯出售军事武器,同时保障沙特阿拉伯国土安全不受以色列侵犯;作为回报,沙特阿拉伯所有的石油出口必须全部以美元作为计价和结算货币。同时,沙特阿拉伯将出口石油获得的美元盈余用来购买美国政府债券。
由于沙特是石油输出国组织(OPEC)中最大的产油国,其他成员国也很快采用美元进行石油交易。自此,美元与石油紧密挂钩,二者之间被画上了无形的等号,任何想进行石油交易的国家必须拥有足够的美元储备。美国和沙特阿拉伯之间的协议为“石油-美元”的形成奠定了制度基础。
所谓美元霸权是指美元在全球货币体系中扮演领导者角色。众所周知,纸币本身没有价值,只相当于一国货币的符号,货币背后反映的一个国家整体的实力。美元能够成为全球货币体系中处于霸主地位,与美国的综合实力密切相关,与此同时,美元货币霸权又是美国综合实力的组成要素,对于美国的全球霸权具有支撑作用。
美元霸权的确立是在第二次世界大战后,美国主导召开了布雷顿森林会议,确立了“布雷顿森林体系”。主要内容是确立了双挂钩的体制,即美元同黄金挂钩,各国货币同美元挂钩。各国货币实行的是固定汇率制。各国确定了美国规定的35美元等于1盎司黄金的官价。“布雷顿森林体系”建立了国际货币基金组织和世界银行两大国际金融机构。前者负责向成员国提供短期资金借贷,目的为保障国际货币体系的稳定,后者提供中长期信贷来促进成员国经济复苏。
布雷顿森林体系存在自身无法克服的内部矛盾。也就是各国需要美元拉动本国经济增长,而美国的黄金是有限的,如果过度印发美元,必然导致其他国家挤兑美国的黄金,是美国的黄金大量外流。
20世纪60至70年代,美国陷入到越南战争中,财政赤字巨大,国际收支状况恶化,美元的信誉受到了严重的冲击。最终布雷顿森林体系解体,美国宣布与美元脱钩,各国实行浮动汇率制。这其实是打开了束缚美元的枷锁。美国不必担心自身的黄金储备,可以更加自由的引发美元,发行美国国债。由于美国的经济长期保持世界第一,而美国是很多国家主要商品的销售市场。在布雷顿森林体系解体后,全球各国更加依赖美元,美元的地位得到了强化。
目前,美元依然是国际社会上的“硬通货”。很多没有实现互兑的货币,还是需要借助于美元作为中间货币。比如,人民币同很多第三国的货币无法直接兑换,双方比照的中间货币就是美元。同时,很多国家由于超发货币造成严重的通货膨胀,本国货币不得不退出流通领域,而美元会自然而然成为该国流通领域的主要货币。这反映了美元在国际货币体系中的霸权地位。
统治阶级霸道专权,不给被统治者丝毫机会。
终结美元与石油的结算,终结美元与军事的联系,最后美元霸权终结
2015年:《干物妹!小埋》。小埋是在15年的七月开播的,记得那时候整个暑假都是在吸埋,或者看b站的大佬们创作的衍生作品。
在外貌美如花,成绩优秀,体育全能的土间埋是人见人爱的“别人家的孩子”,但是一回到家就成了游戏薯片加可乐的死宅模式,配上那三头身的Q版形象,就算是现在,喜欢小埋的人数也是很多的。
邀请加入联邦的时候可以选联邦种类,哪怕你已经是霸权联邦了也要三级才有霸主战争借口去把别人打进联邦,如果联邦法同意附庸进联邦也可以把现有附庸转联邦成员。
Hegemony of science and technology is to point to wait for technology of method forestall science and technology with patent, military affairs, politics, be like the United States punish China is is hegemony of a kind of science and technology
Maintain American current position 4 big hegemony: Hegemony of martial hegemony, finance hegemony, science and technology, culture hegemony has been in with rapidder and rapidder rate disintegrate. It is culture hegemony above all this " moral waists-coat " , democracy of so called beautiful type, free, human rights, had been seen clear by the whole world substaintial, again also cannot the flicker of hundreds respond to a single call and beguiling whole world, had rotted root incurable.
Hegemony of science and technology is to point to wait for technology of method forestall science and technology with patent, military affairs, politics, be like the United States punish China is is hegemony of a kind of science and technology.
Maintain American current position 4 big hegemony: Hegemony of martial hegemony, finance hegemony, science and technology, culture hegemony has been in with rapidder and rapidder rate disintegrate.
It is culture hegemony above all this " moral waists-coat " , democracy of so called beautiful type, free, human rights, had been seen clear by the whole world substaintial, again also cannot the flicker of hundreds respond to a single call and beguiling whole world, had rotted root incurable.
Russia hegemony and American hegemony are proposition of a bogus, point of view is different, the answer is different.
World situation is much after World War II polarization, the mainest political framework component is capitalist a group of people of same interest and socialistic a group of people of same interest, still have the feudal society with puny force of course, the primitive tribe.
Capitalist a group of people of same interest is main with country of old brand capitalism, the political power that gives priority to; socialism a group of people of same interest to basically be established with the proletariat with burgeoning capitalist country and burgeoning socialistic country are given priority to.
Two a group of people of same interest belong to world civilized component, when two civilization is below different politics and system development, be born different viewpoint of value and civilized trend, from oppose and coexist, deliver certain level, civilized and sure distinguish somewhat.
For instance: ?
Bully below, bully gas, bully person, overlord, overbearing, occupy by force, bully official.
But American is unwilling counterpoise at desertioning the palm of pair of universal money systems accuses, continue to depend on it to rescue a dollar to let the world, also be the sources of energy that ensures the United States and finance safety at the same time, the OPEC that go canvassing sand heads especially abandons the oil embargo to the United States, american government begins to serve as breach with international oil trade, search settlement strategy.
The United States sent the diplomatic group that Kissinger of · of Henry of Secretary of State heads to have a series of negotiations with Saudi Arabia royal family first, the agreement was reached finally 1974. Main content of the agreement is: The United States no longer partial Israel, sell martial weapon to the Saudi Arabia, at the same time safety of land of safeguard Saudi Arabia does not suffer Israel to encroach; As redound, all oil export the Saudi Arabia must serve as valuation and settle accounts money with the dollar entirely. In the meantime, profit uses the dollar that the Saudi Arabia obtains exit oil to buy American government bond.
Because be a the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries especially dene (OPEC) in the biggest petroliferous country, other member country uses a dollar very quickly also to undertake oil trades. From this, dollar and oil are close together link up with, was gotten on by the picture between both aeriform equality sign, the state that any wanting that undertake oil trades must have enough dollar reserve. The agreement between the United States and Saudi Arabia is " oil - dollar " form laid system foundation.
Alleged dollar hegemony is to show the dollar acts conductor part in global money system. Well-known, soft itself does not have value, be equivalent to the symbol of money of one home products only, the actual strength of the whole of a country that monetary backside mirrors. The dollar can make global money number one position is in in the system, closely related the comprehensive strength with the United States, meanwhile, dollar money hegemony is the compositive element of American comprehensive strength, have the effect that prop up to global hegemony of the United States.
The establish of dollar hegemony is to be after the Second World War, american dominant held lay mines to pause silvan conference, establish " lay mines pauses silvan system " . Main content is establish the system of double link up with, namely the dollar is the same as gold link up with, each country money is the same as dollar link up with. What each country money executes is to secure exchange rate to make. The 35 dollars that each country defined to the United States sets are equal to the official price of 1 ounce gold. "Lay mines pauses silvan system " built international Monetary Fund and world bank orgnaization of finance of two big international. Former and responsible provide short-term fund to member country leasehold, the purpose is the stability that ensures international money system, latter in offerring, extended credit promotes member country economy anabiosises.
Lay mines pauses the interior that oneself of silvan system existence cannot overcome is contradictory. Namely dollar of each country need is pulled move native economy growth, and American gold is finite, if dollar of excessive print and distribute, bring about the gold of United States of other country a run on a bank necessarily, the gold that is the United States is much outflow.
20 centuries 60 to 70 time, the United States is immersed in Vietnam war in, finance deficit is huge, state of balance of payments is exasperate, the credit of the dollar got be pounded badly. Final lay mines pauses silvan system disintegrate, the United States announces with dollar unhook, each country executes floating rate to make. This was to open the chains that restrains a dollar actually. The United States need not worry about the gold reserve of oneself, can more free cause a dollar, issue American national debt. Hold the world for a long time as a result of American economy the first, and the sale market that the United States is staple commodity of a lot of countries. Pause in lay mines after silvan system disintegrate, global each country more depend on a dollar, the position of the dollar got aggrandizement.
Current, the dollar still is international socially " hard currency " . Do not have the money that realizes each other add more very much, still need have the aid of to serve as the money intermediate at the dollar. For instance, the RMB is the same as the money of a lot of the Three Kingdoms to cannot be changed directly, the intermediate money that both sides preps according to is a dollar. In the meantime, because a lot of countries exceed hair money to cause serious inflation, native money must exit current domain, and the dollar can become this state naturally the main money of current domain. This reflected a dollar the hegemonic position in international money system.
Regime is overbearing counterpoise only, do not give the ruled a bit the chance.
Terminative dollar and petrolic settle accounts, the connection of terminative dollar and military affairs, last dollar hegemony is terminative
2015: " dry content younger sister! Small bury " . Small burying is in 15 years left in July sow, remembering awaiting whole summer vacation in those days is to be being sucked bury, the old man that perhaps sees B station people of creation derive work.
If outward appearance beauty is spent, achievement is outstanding, be being buried between the earth of sports all-round is the person sees what the person loves " the child of others home " , but bout arrived home to become game potato piece those who add coke is dead curtilage mode, deserve to go up the Q edition figure of those 3 bodies, it is now, like small the number that bury also is very much.
Invite confederative sort can be chosen when joining federal, even if you had been hegemonic federal also want 3 class to just excuse of number one war hits others into federal, it is OK also to if federal law agrees with appendage,enter federal turn existing appendage federal member.