为什么海明威要自杀。还是吞弹自杀？英文双语对照

楼上的说的也太敷衍了吧，任何一个生命的终结绝对不是一件简单意义上的放弃，有人写过专门文章分析，我认为写的还比较好，分享一下海明威是一个非常顽强和热爱生活的人，为什么却在晚年选择自杀呢？笔者认为，贯穿他一生的死亡情节对他选择自杀有着深刻的影响，而晚年电击治疗导致精神世界的死亡是他自杀的直接原因。

　　一、死亡情节

　　作为生命个体，尤其是喜欢冒险并有着复杂经历的海明威，不可避免地多次与死亡擦身而过，受到过死神的捉弄并惶恐地感到死之凄凉、死之可怖、死之无常和死之不可捉摸。作为文学家的海明威，他无法回避对人生细致的捉摸和深刻的领悟后产生的苍凉虚无的悲哀，所以不得不用死亡去实现另一种圆满。这就是贯穿他一生的死亡情节。

　　1918年，海明威赴欧参加第一次世界大战，在进入意大利境内的交战区为救护队开汽车时被炮弹炸伤，在医院治疗20个月，仅从腿上就取出弹片237块，重伤的后果是严重的失眠和内心深处长久的恐惧。20年后，他谈起此次受伤时仍心有余悸：“事实真相是，我的伤深入骨髓，结果确实给吓坏啦！”①1936年，西班牙内战爆发，他以记者身份奔赴前线，目睹了西班牙内战中的生生死死。第二次世界大战期间，他又以记者身份奔赴于各个战场，在前线的一次汽车事故中，他头部受重伤，伤口共缝了57针。其间，又因飞机失事造成严重脑震荡。1949年，他被猎枪的枪塞打伤了眼睛。1954年，他去非洲狩猎，遇飞机坠毁幸免遇难。海明威屡遭劫难，虽说大难不死，但死亡的阴影始终笼罩在他的心头，生活中稍稍有些异常就会引起他不吉的联想。1928年，父亲的自杀对他产生了很大影响。若干年后，母亲把父亲自毙的那支左轮手枪交给他时，在卡片上附言：“也许你愿意保存它。”他怅然若失：“我真不知这对我来说是一个什么兆头。”②可见，传奇般的经历和独特而又复杂的遭遇，强化了海明威对生命的理解，而晚年的沉病重屙更丰富了他对死亡的想象，形成了他对死亡情节有着神经质般的敏感和宗教式的神秘。

　　在海明威的作品尤其是短篇小说中，充满着厮杀，鲜血和死亡，这反映了海明威内心世界里死亡的阴影。海明威认为死亡是人们无法逃避，无法超越的最大也是最可怕的真实，它具有一种巨大的莫名其妙的神秘力量，它在瞬间剥夺了人们的一切权利，撕碎了人们的一切主观想象和盲目乐观。死亡是一种永恒，而爱情，友谊，人生，只不过是一堆“粪土”。所以，海明威用众多的文学形象向人们诉说了这一人生体验。在《印第安营地》里，作者描写了小尼克随同父亲前往印第安营地为产妇接生，目睹产妇的丈夫因为忍受不了妻子剖腹产的痛苦而自杀。主人公尼克带着鲜明的自传色彩，他是作者众多的小说中经常出现的一个人物。他从纯真无知到创伤累累，经历了对现实与死亡的思索以及死亡情节的形成。在短篇小说中，童年的尼克总在目睹鲜血、痛苦、不幸和死亡，于是发出意味深长的疑问：“为什么他要自杀，爸爸？”“佷多男人都自杀吧？”“爸爸，死佷难吗？”小尼克思考着他这种年龄也许不该思考的问题，他为此而困惑不解。

　　海明威的长篇小说中也大量地描写了死亡。被称为“迷惘的一代”的代表作《太阳照样升起》，写美国记者巴恩斯在欧战中受伤失去了性爱能力，虽生犹死。《永别了！武器》以第一次世界大战中的意大利为背景，写英国女护士凯瑟琳死于难产。作者通过男主人公之口，表达了对死亡的理解：“在这世界上，人人都受折磨，倒也产生一些勇敢的人。倘有受折磨而不屈服的，就会被他人害死，不管你是最善良的人，最温和的人还是最有勇气的人，都免不了一死。你如果不是这几种人，迟早也得死，只是世界并不急于要你的命罢了。”

　　二、电击治疗

　　海明威的最后十年是一个崩溃的过程。非洲的飞机坠毁毁了他的健康，并给他蒙上死亡的阴影。在他生命的最后几年，身体和精神疾病的致命结合加速了他的悲剧性沉沦，从胜利的《老人与海》和诺贝尔奖下沉到在梅奥诊所接受悲惨的电击治疗，这毁坏了他的记忆力，加剧了他的沮丧，终于导致了他的自杀。

　　海明威对秃头特别敏感，他曾嘲笑使用头发固定剂，并且把任何企图掩盖秃头的行为都看作是一种道德败坏的信号。在《丧钟为谁而鸣》一书里，有一个法西斯分子被帕布诺杀了，他就是“在他们头上把头发从这边梳到那边来掩盖他的秃顶”。所以当海明威发现自己也在掉头发时感到特别心酸。

　　海明威一直很英俊，很上像，可是当时慢性的皮肤病使他变得佷丑，这使他佷感苦恼。“发炎的红斑从鼻子蔓延到面颊，白色小脓疱皮疹像头皮屑一样掉落……发亮的红斑从鼻梁下面几乎蔓延到嘴边，上面则到眼睛旁，鳞状的白片不断在剥落。”③

　　酒精总是能使人立刻忘掉苦恼。在《午后之死》一书里海明威写到：“酒瓶变成直接措施的至高无上的手段。假如你不能扔掉它，那你至少能从它里面喝点什么。”他刚从二次世界大战中回来就告诉朋友：“你半夜醒来觉得事情不能忍受，那你就喝一杯使它们变得可以忍受了。”④但是完全依赖并受酒精支配时，他已损坏的器官更不堪其毒害了。于是在他生命的最后一年不得不改变一生酗酒的习惯，他坚决遵守医嘱，但是由于饮酒权利的被剥夺，他感到痛苦难忍。前妻哈德莉毫不夸张地说：“要是让他饮酒也许他还能活下去，但是完全剥夺其饮酒习惯，他就没法活了。”⑤

　　海明威生来视力就不好，自以为是来自母亲的遗传。1927年他弄破了右瞳孔，1931年夏天又害了严重的眼病，从这以后，就间歇性地疼痛。1960年4月眼病又进一步发展，他从古巴写信给他的出版商说：“这里最好的医生说我眼睛的玻璃体进一步恶化，这都是由于好久以前的高血压、散光、紧张、看书不用眼镜等等造成的。”⑥他的眼病恐怕还不单单与过度紧张、高血压有关，据1960年12月梅奥诊所的诊断，还和初期的糖尿病有关。1960年夏一位古巴医生告诉他，他还患有血色素沉着病，这是一种罕见的慢性糖尿病的严重形式，这会导致眼瞎和永久的阳痿。海明威听了这些话后又害怕又沮丧。他的尿呈深浓色，脚踝水肿，高血尿和高凝血期（凝血块），这是1961年1月19日对他的医疗检查报告中所写的情况，表明他还患有肝肾病。

　　海明威主要的疾病，也就是说他住进梅奥诊所的直接原因是高血压。但是为治高血压所服药物的副作用加剧了他严重的抑郁症，这才是他进入梅奥诊所的真正原因。

　　海明威在梅奥诊所所进行的电击疗法对他的记忆力造成致命的打击。这是他一生之中最为悲惨的时刻，他认识到他的记忆力彻底被毁了。他这样问：“把我的头脑毁掉，抹掉我的记忆有什么意义呢？这些是我的资本，是为了要把我赶出我的行当吗？”⑦他进一步感到身体的恶化，他担心失去幻想力，他极为害怕作为一个主要的作家失去了声誉，现在这些全变成了现实，他的生命终至成为绝对的一片空白。

　　他曾经希望在1960年圣诞节从梅奥回家，但是1961年1月22日他是在崩溃的情况下被放出来的，他乘坐一架私人飞机飞回凯彻姆。2月，人们请他手写一份颂词给肯尼迪总统，他用了一星期时间，使尽最大的努力也只写了三四句简单的句子，他因失败和苦恼而痛哭流涕。他对大夫说，他的词汇再也冒不出来了，在这方面他算彻底完蛋了。虽然他没有直接说出来，但是可以看出，电击治疗损害了他的思想机器，把它彻底破坏了，所以他完全没法在纸上写文章了。

　　作为一位艺术家，艺术创造力的枯竭意味着再也无法按照艺术想象的方式生活，也即是精神和生命的干涸，这会使一个已经取得崇高成就和声誉的作家“受不了”的。精神世界的毁灭让苟活的肉体没有了任何意义，因此他选择了自杀，他的自杀也给他一生的行动划上了一个勇敢的句号，给他的公众形象最后抹上光辉的一笔。他是一个不能被打败的人，他情愿被毁灭，也不能被打败。

　　三、结语

　　对深刻热爱生命和生活的艺术家海明威来说，贯穿他一生的死亡情节对他选择自杀有着深刻的影响，晚年电击治疗导致精神世界的死亡是他自杀的直接原因。肉体的折磨是不能打败一个有思想的人的，惟有对他精神世界的毁灭才能真正杀死他。海明威的自杀与他一生的追求和理想看似矛盾，其实却在情理之中。

What say upstairsly is too perfunctory also, of any life terminative and absolutely either on a simple meaning abandon, somebody has written analysis of special implied meaning, I think to still had been compared what write, sharing Ming Wei of one go into business is mix very tenaciously the person that has deep love for the life, why to choose to commit suicide in old age however? The author thinks, perforative the influence that the dead clue of his lifetime chooses the suicide to having profundity to him, and old age electrical shock treats the death that causes inner world is the immediate cause that he commits suicide.

One, dead clue

As life individual, especially adventruous the Hemingway that having complex experience, brush a body inevitably with death for many times and pass, get cross the embarrass of Azrael and the loneliness that terrified ground feels dead, dead those who die is dread, fugacious mix dead cannot ascertain. As the writer's Hemingway, he cannot evasive the distress with the windy bleak of the generation after meticulous to life ascertain and deep realization, must realize another kind so with death satisfactory. This is perforative the dead clue of his lifetime.

1918, hemingway goes to Ou Can to add a the First World War, be at war in what enter Italian churchyard when the area drives a car for ambulance corps, be hurt by artillery shell blast, 20 months are treated in the hospital, get on 237 to take out shrapnel from the leg only, the consequence of serious injury is serious insomnia and heart the fear with late long section chief. After 20 years, when he mentions this to get hurt still one's heart still fluttering with fear: "Nitty-gritty is, my injury development is medullary, the result gives really psych out! " ① 1936, spanish civil war erupts, he hurries off to front with reporter identity, the unripe life and death in witnessing Spanish civil war is dead. During the Second World War, he is hurried off to with reporter identity again at each battlefield, in the car accident of front, his head suffers serious injury, cut seamed 57 needles in all. Meantime, cause severe cerebral concussion because of aircraft accident again. 1949, he was filled in to maul an eye by the gun of shotgun. 1954, he goes Africa chases, encounter prang escape by sheer luck to die. It is difficult that Hemingway is robbed repeatedly, though escape from death, but dead shadow envelops the mind in him from beginning to end, the in a way in the life can cause him to associate ill-fatedly unusually a little. 1928, father's suicide produced very big effect to him. A certain number of after year, that revolving pistol that the mother kills father oneself gives when him, in the P.S. on card: "Perhaps you are willing to save it. " if his disappointed breaks: "I do not know this really is what sign to me. " ② is visible, the experience like legend and distinctive and complex experience, aggrandizement the understanding of Hemingway opposite life, and of old age heavy get a severe disease discharge richer his imagination to death, formed him to having to dead clue jumpy like sensitive the mystery with religious type.

The work in Hemingway especially in the short story, be full of fight closely, blood and death, this mirrorred the shadow that Haimingweinei dies in heart world. Hemingway thinks death is people ineluctability, what cannot surmount is the biggest also be the most terrible true, it has a kind of vast indescribable mysterious power, it stripped in the instant all rights of people, lacerate all subjective imaginations of people and blind and hopeful. Death is a kind of eternity, and love, friendship, life, just be one caboodle " muck " . So, hemingway recounted this one life to experience to people with numerous literary figure. Be in " Yindian camping ground " in, author picture before small Buddhist nun overcomes be accompanying father, toward Yindian camping ground is puerpera deliver a child, the husband that witnesses a puerpera commits suicide because of the anguish that cannot suffer wife Caesarean birth. Hero Nick is taking bright autobiographical color, he is a character that the author often appears in numerous novel. He arrives from pure ignorance traumatic again and again, experienced the formation of the thinking to reality and death and dead clue. In the short story, the Nick of childhood always is in witness blood, painful, misfortune and death, give out meaningful doubt then: "Why he should commit suicide, father? " " does much man commit suicide? " " father, is dead difficult? " small Nikesai is taking an examination of him the problem that this kind of age perhaps ought not to ponder over, his for this bewilderment indissolubles.

In Hemingway's novel also abundantly depict die. Be called " lost generation " masterpiece " the sun rises all the same " , write American reporter Barnes to get hurt in Ou Zhanzhong lost sexual ability, although be born,still die. " parted forever! Weapon " with the the First World War medium Italy is setting, write British female nurse Kathleen dies at difficult labor. The author passes the mouth of male hero, expressed the understanding to death: "On this world, everybody suffers torment, also produce a few ironside. If has suffer torment and indomitable, can be killed dead by other, no matter you are the most kind-hearted person, the gentlest person or most gutty person, be unavoidable to die. If you are not these a few kinds of people, also get dead sooner or later, it is the life that the world is not eager to wanting you stopped only. It is the life that the world is not eager to wanting you stopped only..

2, electrical shock cure

Of Hemingway finally is a process that break down 10 years. African prang ruined his health, cheat dead shadow to him. In his life finally a few years, what the deadly union of the body and mental disease quickened him is Thespian sink into, from the victory " old person and sea " sink to accept miserable electrical shock to treat in Mei Ao clinic with nobel prize, this destroyed his memory, aggravate his dismay, brought about his suicide eventually.

Hemingway is right bald-headed and special sensitive, he ever used a hair to secure an agent deridingly, and mask any purposes bald-headed behavior is regarded is the signal that a kind of morality rots. In " death knell cries for who " in one book, element of a fascist was killed by Pabunuo, he is " comb the hair to the will mask him bald there from here on their head " . Discover to special feel sad feels when he also is dropping a hair when Hemingway so.

Hemingway all the time very brilliant, very go up picture, but chronic at that time dermatosis makes he becomes is ugly, this makes his feels pained. "The erythema of inflammation spreads to the cheek from nose, white is small pustular rash drops like dander... splendent erythema from spread to the side of the mouth almost below bridge of the nose, arrive above by the eye, imbricate buildup is in ceaselessly flake. " ③

Alcohol always can make the person forgets worry immediately. In " afternoon dead " Caspian Ming Wei writes one book: "Bottle becomes the sovereign instrument of immediate step. If you cannot throw away it, what can you drink from inside it at least then. " he just came back to tell a friend from inside the World War II: "You awake in the middle of the night feel the thing cannot be borne, then you drink a cup to make they become sustainable. " ④ but when be depended on completely and sufferring alcohol to control, the organ that he already damaged more can't bear its poisonning. Must change the habit of lifetime excessive drinking last of life years in him then, he abides by doctor's advice stoutly, but as a result of drinking right be stripped, he feels agonizing. Ex-wife breaths out De Li to say none exaggeratively: "If let him drink,perhaps he is returned can subsist, but completely privative its drink habit, he did not have a law to live. " ⑤

Haimingweisheng comes eyesight is bad, self-righteous the heredity that comes from a mother. 1927 his break right pupil, contracted severe eye disease again Spring 1931, from this later, with respect to intermittence ground ache. Eye disease developed further again in April 1960, he writes to his publisher to say from Cuba: "Best doctor says the vitreous body of my eye worsens further here, as a result of,this is for ages the hypertension previously, astigmatism, nervous, read a book need not glasses causes etc. " ⑥ his eye disease is afraid still do not concern with het-up, hypertension only, according to in December 1960 of Mei Ao clinic diagnose, return and earlier diabetic about. 1960 summer a Cuba doctor tells him, he still suffers from hematin ad cool-headed disease, this is a kind infrequent chronic diabetic serious form, this meeting brings about an eye to be mixed foolishly permanent impotent. Hemingway listened fear to distress again again after these words. His make water shows deep heavy colour, ankle oedema, tall hematuria and tall cruor period (cruor piece) , this is the case that in checking a report to his medical treatment on January 19, 1961, writes, show he still suffers from liver nephrosis.

Hemingway's main disease, that is to say the immediate cause of clinic of his occupy Mei Ao is hypertensive. But the side-effect aggravate that takes medicaments to govern hypertensive place his serious depressed illness, this ability is the real reason that he enters Mei Ao clinic.

The electroshock that Hemingway undertakes in place of Mei Ao clinic causes a deathblow to his memory. This is him in lifetime most miserable hour, he realises his memory was destroyed thoroughly. He asks so: " my brains finish, does my memory have erasure what meaning? These are my capital, be to want to drive my profession out of me? " he feels ⑦ further the aggravation of the body, his concern loses airy power, he very fear to served as a main author to lose reputation, these became reality completely now, his life comes eventually become an absolutely blank.

He once hoped 1960 christmas comes home from Mei Ao, but January 22, 1961 is give off him to come below the circumstance that break down, he takes a private plane to fly back to triumphant thorough Mu. Feburary, people asks him handwritten an eulogy gives Kennedy the president, he used a week of time, make made great effort to also write 34 simple sentences only, because he fails to weep bitterly with affliction. He says to the doctor, his vocabulary also is risked again did not come out, in this he considered the respect complete to be finished. Although he did not speak out directly, but can see, electrical shock treats the thought machine that damaged him, destroyed it thoroughly, so he does not have a law completely to write an article on paper.

As an artist, of artistic creativity dried up mean the means life that also cannot imagine according to art again, also be spirit and life namely dry up, the writer that this meeting makes one has gained great success and reputation " be overcome " . The destruction of inner world let the body of live on a degradation do not have any meanings, accordingly he chose to commit suicide, the operation that his suicide also gives him lifetime delimits went up a brave full stop, the public figure that gives him wipes the brushstroke of glazing brightness finally. He is a person that cannot be defeated, he would rather be destroyed, also cannot be defeated.

3, epilogue

For the artist Hemingway that has deep love for life and life to profundity, perforative the influence that the dead clue of his lifetime chooses the suicide to having profundity to him, old age electrical shock treats the death that causes inner world is the immediate cause that he commits suicide. Carnal torment cannot defeat a person that has an idea, kill him truly to the ruined ability of his inner world only. The pursuit of Hemingway's suicide and his lifetime and ideal look seem contradiction, it is however actually in reason.